Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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estates. People though that the oil recovery from plastic wastes is better than plastic waste incineration because of the high consumption rate of fossil fuels. In waste shop’s view, the waste incineration is good to dispose plastic wastes because the residue wastes from sorting can be sold to cement industry. According to waste shop respondents, the waste to energy project is difficulty in giving continuity because the waste to energy scheme does not promote continuously. The weaknesses of energy recovery from plastic wastes are lacks of information sharing and project monitoring. Therefore, people do not know on oil recovery from plastic wastes or waste incineration. Some people do not understand the meaning of waste to energy, and they cannot imagine on the energy recovery from oil recovery plants and waste incinerators. Banning plastic bag used in Thailand, this scheme relates to the scenario 2 in order to reduce the plastic bag wastes in municipal wastes. Approximately 46% of 125 samples agreed with the plastic bag banning. Some department stores in Bangkok like The Mall and Central stimulated their customers to ban plastic bags. For instance, The Mall reduces one Baht per bill for customers who refused plastic bags (Thairath, 2013). The Central department store promoted “Central No Bag Day Sale”, and it gave 5% discount for participated customers (THANONLINE, 2013). Only 13% of 125 samples agreed with the plastic bag charge followed by the plastic bag taxation. In 2009, the public opinion survey on the plastic bag taxation was done, and the result was that Thai consumers opposed the plastic bag taxation (Boonyaraks, 2009). Therefore, Thai people still oppose with the plastic bag taxation. This scheme in the scenario 2 may be less success than the recycling business scheme. It is not only consumers who opposed the plastic bag taxation, but it is also the plastic bag producers who lose their profits from this taxation. Finally, the waste collection and transportation of the scenario 2 and 3 will be improved to collect over 90% of plastic waste generation in 2016. The waste collection fee is the important factor to support the waste collection service, but the municipalities, in fact, gain a little revenue from waste generators. The waste collection fee is the one proposed scheme of scenario 2 and 3. Only 15% of 125 samples agreed with the waste collection fee. People did not satisfy with the existing waste collection services, so they do not want to pay more for the poor waste collection services. Hence, the government has to focus on this issue because the budgets/funds are important to improve plastic waste management facilities and projects. 4.4 Stakeholder Analysis for Plastic Waste Management in Thailand The primary data and secondary data were analyzed to present the relevant and important stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand. This section consists of the lists of important stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities and the relationship and networks among each other. Stakeholder analysis is very critical in terms of assessing the practices of plastic waste management at current setting as well as in terms of planning futuristic direction of the plastic waste management As a general rule of thumb, each stakeholders when follow their roles and responsibilities aids the success of a project, better plastic waste management in this context. 87
4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and their relationships The important stakeholders in plastic waste management include waste generators, waste collectors, waste recyclers, recycled product buyer. The existing lists of institutional stakeholders for plastic waste management in Thailand consist of local administrations, government organizations, private sectors, NGOs, and Public-Private sector institutions. Figure 4.37 below shows the complete list of stakeholders. Government organizations (DIW, DIP, OIE) NGOs (Green World Foundation, TEI) Private sectors (Waste shops, inventors, waste pickers, waste traders, garbage banks, waste collector networks) Private sectors (Oil recovery, pelletizing, plastic producers) Recycling: - Mechanical - Chemical Plastic Manufacturing Plastic Consumption Waste collection and transportation Figure 4.37 Stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand 4.4.2 Importance and influence of stakeholders After the initial identification of all related stakeholders, it is important to analyze the level of importance and influence of those identified stakeholders. A complete list of stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand is presented in Table A-11 in Appendix A. Analyzing the importance of stakeholders is based on the power and leadership levels. Based on these criteria, the relevant stakeholders were divided into four groups as following: 88 Waste disposal: - Landfilling - Incineration Public-Private sector institution (TPIA, PIT, TPA, PTIT, TBIA, PIU) Plastic consumers (household, institutions, traders. minimarts, department stores) Local administration and government organizations (MNRE, PCD, DEQP, TIPMSE, Ministry of Energy) Private sectors (RDF producers, industrial incinerators)
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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