Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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organization to share information and create modern production and innovative products. TIPMSE and TPFRIA promote the recycling activities in both of municipality and industry. TIPMSE focused on the plastic packaging products, while TPFRIA is the cooperation of foam recycling companies. 3. Scenario 3: Increase in waste to energy options There are eight groups of stakeholders of the scenario 3 such as Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI), government organizations, banks, local administration, private sectors, electricity authorities, customs, and environmental organizations. The alternative energy development plan focused on the increase of energy recovery from wastes. Oil recovery plants at landfill sites are the local administration that excavates plastic wastes from landfills. Some local administrations produce RDF through MBT (mechanical biological treatment) e.g., Phitsanulok province. Figure 4.34 presents the relationship between stakeholders of the scenario 3. BOI- Investment Incentives -Ministry of Energy -Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment -Pollution Control Department Information sharing and Funds Technical support Private Investor: -Firm -Non-Firm Banks Local Admin Loan Figure 4.34 Relationship of stakeholders of scenario 3 From Figure 4.34, local administration can sell crude oil and RDF to the electricity authorities in order to generate electricity. Private sectors can invest for oil recovery business or RDF production. TPI Polene Ltd., Co. is the one company operating oil recovery plants from plastic wastes and producing RDF. To increase the energy recovery rate in 2016, BOI and government organizations should provide the incentives for private sectors and local administrations such as budget, technology development, profitable policies/plans, and product standards. Small/medium business sectors sometimes borrow money to set their business, so banks provide loans for them based on the guarantee of energy recovery business from BOI and Ministry of Energy. The main government organization of this scenario is Ministry of Energy which provides the alternative energy development plan. The technical support is provided for private 83 Licenses Offices giving licenses ONEP (EIA) Electricity Authorities ERC Consumer s
sectors by the government organizations, and it confirms this plan to banks in order to increase the investment of energy recovery business. These organizations also support the municipalities by providing training and learning the case study plants and budgets. Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) and Office of Natural Resources Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) consider the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of energy recovery plants. The environmental issues from oil recovery plants like air pollution and residue waste generation are controlled and monitored by these organizations. The oil recovery plants need to clear EIA requirements before the establishment. Thus, interest investors have to propose the EIA report and environment protection methods to these organizations before constructing energy recovery plants. 4.3.2.2 Comparison of plastic waste management scenarios by financial analysis The results of financial analysis were presented to compare the expenditure and revenue of each scenario. The waste management expenditure was estimated by considering the payment of each waste management flows such as collection and transportation, recycling, landfilling, municipal and industrial incineration, RDF production (integrated waste management system), plastic to oil, and open environment (hidden cost). Similarly, the revenues from waste management scenarios were calculated from Baht/tonne of revenues, and then multiplying by the amounts of plastic wastes of each flow. The details of waste management costs and revenue are shown in Table E-10 in Appendix E. Table 4.7 shows the expenditure and revenue of plastic waste management scenarios. Table 4.7 Expenditure and Revenue of Plastic Waste Management Scenario Scenario Waste management expenditure (Million Baht) 84 Revenue from waste management (Million Baht) Net present value (Million Baht) Scenario 1 7,816,537 2,554 7,813,983 Scenario 2A 5,419,182 6,163 5,413,019 Scenario 2B 5,420,911 6,163 5,414,748 Scenario 3 10,866,320 8,346 10,857,974 From Table 4.7, 11 trillion Baht will be the expenditure of scenario 3 for promotion of waste to energy scheme in 2016. This number is highest compared to the scenario 1 and scenario 2 because the investment costs of waste incineration and oil recovery are over 4 million Baht/tonne of plastic wastes (PCD, 2011). According to PCD (2006), the revenues from electricity sales of Phuket waste incinerator were 6.4 million Baht in 2006. Revenues from incineration of each scenario were calculated by multiplying Baht per tonne of revenue from incinerators by the amount of plastic waste for incineration. The net present values of each scenario were presented in above table, and they are net expenditures which are provided for each process of plastic waste management in 2016. The cheapest scenario is the scenario 2 because the net present value will be 5 trillion Baht (Both of 2A and 2B) in 2016 compared to 7.8 trillion Baht of scenario 1 and 11 trillion Baht of scenario 3. This scenario focused on the increase of recycling rate, and most revenues will be from the sales of recycled products (Revenues of scenario 2 do not include the revenue from plastic bag taxation). Moreover, the investment and operational costs of recycling sectors are cheaper than waste incineration, landfilling, RDF production,
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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