Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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institution. This group includes the private sectors and government organizations such as PIT, PTIT, TPIA, DIW, TIPMSE, and PIU. Plastic wastes generated from waste generators are collected by waste collectors. For example, municipalities collect daily plastic wastes to dispose properly. Waste generators sometimes sell their recyclable wastes to waste shops. The environmental issues are caused from processing of plastic industries and recycling factories should be monitored and controlled through the environmental laws of the environmental organizations. Finally, the public-private sector institutions concern on the plastic production and recycled products. They focus on the demand of plastic products and acceptation of recycled product quality of waste generators. 2. Scenario 2: Increase in recycling rate by 30% Most stakeholders of this scenario relate to the 3Rs principle and plastic bag taxation such as consumers, producers, importers, local administration, bio-plastic companies, plastic bags and foam fund, environmental organizations, waste shops, recyclers, disposers and public-private sector institutions. First, producers and importers support the alternative plastic products like low-plastic containing bottles and recyclable plastic bags. Plastic bag factories and importers have to pay plastic bag and foam tax when they produce and import plastic bags. Consumers have three choices to consume plastic products followed by the 3Rs law and plastic bag tax such as pay for plastic bag charge, reuse plastic products, and use bio-plastics and recycled products. Figure 4.33 shows the relationship between stakeholders of the scenario 2. Plastic bag & Foam Fund Producers & Importers Minimarts & Department stores Consumers Figure 4.33 Relationship of stakeholders of scenario 2 81 Local admin Private sectors & Bio-plastics companies Recyclers & Disposers Waste shops Reuse plastics Pay for plastic bag charge Use bio-plastic Public-Private sector institution (TPFRIA, TIPMSE, TBIA, PIT, TPIA) Environmental organization (PCD, MNRE)
From Figure 4.33, the revenue from plastic bags and foam charges is collected by the plastic bag and foam fund. This revenue is provided to local administration, bio-plastic company, and recyclers to support the plastic waste management. Minimarts and department stores play the important role on charging plastic bag fees and reducing plastic bags because 70% of Thai consumers get plastic bags from minimarts and department stores (Thai Health Promotion Foundation, 2011). In China, the government forced the plastic industry, and consumers to produce, sell, and use HDPE bags, so 66% of plastic bags were reduced in 2009 (China Daily, 2009). However, the amount of plastic bags was increase again in 2011 due to lack of monitoring, awareness of consumers, and strict regulation (Jinran, 2011). While, the big department stores in England; Marks and Spencer volunteered to charge the plastic bag fees from consumers (BBC News, 2008). Therefore, the project’s monitoring and voluntaries of stakeholders lead to success on the plastic bag taxation in Thailand. Moreover, in Thailand, the “No Bag No Baht” campaign was promoted by BMA office in 2012. This project stimulates department stores in BMA to reduce the plastic bag used. Department stores can propose their projects to BMA office. For example, Central Retail Ltd., Co. charged one baht from customers who want to use plastic bags, and all charges are given for the environmental foundation (VOLUNTEERCONNEX, 2013). Some 5,000 to 8,000 shops in Chatuchak willingly participated in the project. Bangkok Governor gave away 5,000 cloth bags and flyers to customers in order to promote the scheme at the market (PATTAYA TODAY, 2013). This project confirms that the department store and small shop are the important stakeholders who help the government to promote and achieve the goals of plastic waste reduction. There are two types of waste shops such as informal and formal waste shops. The formal waste shops register with the government followed by the antique trade law. The informal waste shops do not register with the government, and they do not pay any tax or fee for their business. Form the field observation, the informal waste shop collects and cleans plastic bags from municipal bins, and then it sells those plastic bags to the recycling factory. This activity of informal waste shops will support the plastic bag taxation if the government decides to use that taxation. Like the formal waste shop, it plays the roles on collecting the recyclable plastic wastes and supporting the government to increase recycling rate by 30% within 2016. Consumers, department stores, minimarts, and plastic producers can sell their plastic wastes and bags to waste shops, and then waste shops supplies their wastes to recyclers. The recycling sector is the highlight of this scenario because it helps to increase the recycling rate of plastic wastes. The incentives for increasing the recycling business are provided to recyclers such as revenues from a plastic bag and foam fund. The environmental organizations force consumers to reduce, reuse and sort plastic wastes at sources followed by the 3Rs law, and they also control the environmental pollution from recycling factories. Moreover, they force producers to follow that law as well as consumers. Lastly, the public-private sector institutions of this scenario consist of TPFRIA, TIPMSE, TBIA, PIT, and TPIA. The organizations relate to promoting the bio-plastic used are TBIA, PIT, and TPIA because the bio-plastic companies/industries set the cooperation 82
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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