Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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The increase of municipal incineration may be caused from the promotion of integrated solid waste management system. This system consists of waste sorting unit, composting unit, and RDF production unit. There will be 10-20% of RDF production from municipal solid wastes, if the efficiency of sorting unit is high (PCD, 2012). RDF can be used as fuels at the municipal incineration and factories. Around 20-30% of recyclable materials are separated from sorting unit, so this percentage makes the recycling rate increases. Thermosetting plastic wastes are the available materials to support this scenario. Only 1% of thermosetting waste generation in MSW was assumed for this scenario. This amount of thermosetting wastes is divided into three parts for three different disposals e.g., 10% of municipal incineration, 10% of industrial incineration, and 37% of landfilling. The waste separation at sources is the best method to separate only thermosetting plastic wastes at sources, and sorted thermosetting wastes should be burnt in incinerators because they cannot be recycled. Although there is the waste separation scheme at sources, less thermosetting wastes are still burnt at the incinerator because the generation rate of thermosetting rate is very low. Thus, these wastes cannot be used as main fuels to recover energy. Moreover, promoting the thermosetting waste separation is not successful because there are many types of thermosetting products as well as thermoplastic products. People do not have knowledge on plastics cannot sort thermosetting products out of thermoplastic products. In general, most industrial wastes from factories are always burnt in the industrial incinerators and cement kiln. It is very convenient for factories in the industrial estates to dispose their wastes by the industrial incinerators i.e., the industrial incinerator at Bang Poo industrial estate is the fluidized bed system, and it can burnt both of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. The generated heat energy is used at factories in the estate again. Due to the limited of petroleum and coal resources, the alternative fuels are considered. The government must be carefully consider and compare the available ways for the waste to energy scheme because plastics are produce from petroleum resources. The consumption of petroleum resources will increase if most of plastic wastes are recovered into crude oil or used as fuels because these fuels are transformed into gases and air pollution after consumption. Unlike the material recycling, it can reprocess plastics over eight times before littering and disposal (Goodship, 2007). From Figure 4.31, the amount of exported plastic wastes will be 0.22 million tonnes or 9.5% of municipal waste generation in 2016. A slight increase of imported will be presented by use the same amount of imported wastes in 2010. Approximately 24% recycling rate was assumed out of which 10% of municipal plastic wastes will be recovered to produce crude oil in 2016. The percentage of material recycling is the same as a scenario 1 (14%). Furthermore, the important assumption of this scenario is 30 oil recovery plants will be built at landfill sites to increase the amount of crude oil production. Increasing the municipal and industrial incineration capacity by 90% within 2016, the amounts of off-gas generation from municipal and industrial incineration will be 0.21 and 2.2 million tonnes respectively, Likewise, the capacity of oil recovery production will rise to 90% in 2016. Therefore, the amount of crude oil generation will be 0.27 million tonnes. There will be 0.52 million tonnes of available wastes in landfill which can be used as fuels in the cement kiln and oil recovery plants. 79
Most municipal plastic wastes (37%) will be disposed at landfills, while only 0.4% of industrial plastic wastes are disposed at landfills. After scenario done, the amount of improper disposed wastes will decrease by 9.5% within 2016, and total stock in the environment will be 0.5 million tonnes. In addition, total stock of this scenario will be 3.1 million tonnes in 2016. The most plastics are stocked in the plastic consumption process because there will be large amount of imported products and product consumption which are inputted to this process compared to the amount of waste generation. This stock is also the use of long-live products from previous year. 4.3.2 Comparison of plastic waste management scenarios This part presents the comparison of three plastic waste management scenarios based on the financial analysis and public awareness of relevant stakeholders. To compare each scenario, the financial analysis was done by considering the expenditure and revenue of plastic waste management scenarios. The stakeholder diagrams of the plastic bag taxation and the alternative energy development plan are predicted. Finally, the results of public awareness consist of the acceptable rate and stakeholder’s opinions. 4.3.2.1 Stakeholder of plastic waste management scenarios 1. Scenario 1: Business as Usual (BAU) In general, the main stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand include waste generators, waste collectors, waste shops, waste recyclers, and private and government organizations. Waste generators consist of consumers (e.g., household, minimart, hospital, etc.) and industries. Waste pickers, municipalities, waste management company, and industrial waste collector are the waste collectors. Waste shops and waste recyclers collect and improve the recycling activities of plastic wastes. Waste shops and waste recyclers are important stakeholders for the scenario 2, while, for the scenario 3, they play the same roles as the scenario 1. Figure 4.32 presents the relationship of stakeholders of scenario 1. Waste Generator Waste Collector Waste shop Waste Recycler Public-private sector institution Figure 4.32 Relationships of stakeholders of scenario 1 From above figure, the government organization like PCD and MNRE is the environmental organization supports other stakeholders by providing budgets, information, and promoting the waste management projects. The last group of stakeholders is the public-private sector 80 Government Organizations
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
Page 87: Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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