Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...
Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ... Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...
of industrial wastes and 30% of municipal wastes will be disposed at landfills, and the total landfilled waste will be 0.73 million tonnes in 2016. Therefore, the amount of stocked plastic wastes in the landfill process will be around 1 million tonnes out of which 0.67 million tonnes can be recovered to produce recycled pellets and crude oil. Increasing of recycling rate will decrease the amount of improper disposal of waste in 2016. Approximately 8% of improper disposed wastes in MSW will be expanded and stocked in the environment. The total stock in the environment will be 0.46 million tonnes, as the total stock of the scenario 2A will be 4.39 million tonnes in 2016. The highest amount of stocked plastics was shown in the plastic consumption process amounted to 1.97 million tonnes. This stock is from the long-live plastic products and reused/secondary plastic products. This amount of stocked plastics will be highest in the next five or ten years if the waste reduction and reuse policy stimulates people to use long-lived products for over five or ten years. Scenario 2B: Increase in recycling rate by 30% with promoting bio-plastics The plastic bag taxation is not used now, but FPRI is the one organization who studied on the feasibility of plastic bag taxation in Thailand in 2011. The proposed plan for the plastic bag taxation includes banning conventional plastic bags, promoting the biodegradable plastic products, collecting bag charges, and supporting plastic bag recycling. Figure 4.30 illustrates the material flow of plastics in Thailand in 2016; the scenario 2B. From Figure 4.30, the amounts of MPW disposed of scenario 2B at the municipal and industrial incineration and landfill sites are equal to those amounts of scenario 2A. Likewise, the percentage of plastic waste recycling of this scenario will increase by 30% in 2016 as well as the scenario 2A because the plastic bag taxation promotes to charge the plastic bag fee for supporting the plastic bag recycling. This scenario also did not promote the waste to energy scheme, so the amounts of MPW for oil recovery and incineration are the same as the scenario 1 and scenario 2A. The amounts of MPW and IPW reused, landfilling and disposed in open environment of the scenario 2B are different from the scenario 2A. 10% of industrial wastes and 5% of municipal plastic wastes will be separated and reused in the manufacturing and consumption processes. Approximately 1% of industrial wastes and 40% of municipal wastes will be disposed at landfills, and the total landfilled waste will be 0.97 million tonnes in 2016. Therefore, the amount of stocked plastic wastes in the landfill process will be around 1.2 million tonnes out of which 0.91 million tonnes can be recovered to produce recycled pellets and crude oil. Although, there is the reduction of plastic waste generation from the banning plastic bag strategy, the amount of waste generation may slightly decrease because there is the promotion of biodegradable plastic products. This scenario followed by plastic bag taxation which simulates the plastic manufacturing to decrease plastic bag production, but increase to produce the amount of biodegradable plastics. Similarly, people have to use biodegradable plastics instead of plastic bags followed by this taxation. The main advantage of biodegradable plastics is that they can be degraded by anaerobic condition at landfills within one year (NIA, 2008). The government must be careful on this taxation use because it directly affects the recycling business and amount of stocked wastes at landfills. 75
Figure 4.30 Material flow of plastics in 2016; Scenario 2B (Unit: flow-tonne/year, stock-tonne) 76
- Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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- Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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- Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
- Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
- Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
- Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
- Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
- Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
- Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
- Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
- Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
- Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
- Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
- Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
- Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
- Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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- Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
- Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
- Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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- Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
- Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
- Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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- Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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- Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
- Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
- Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
- Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
- Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
- Page 119 and 120: Table A-2 Details of parameters and
- Page 121 and 122: Table A-4 Details of parameters and
- Page 123 and 124: Table A-6 Details of parameters and
- Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
- Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
- Page 129 and 130: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
- Page 131 and 132: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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Figure 4.30 <strong>Material</strong> flow <strong>of</strong> plastics <strong>in</strong> 2016; Scenario 2B<br />
(Unit: flow-tonne/year, stock-tonne)<br />
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