Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4.2.1.1 Manufacturing The material flow of plastics in Thailand presented the plastic flows in plastic manufacturing such as the amount of masterbatch used in the plastic factories and the amount of plastic production. Figure 4.22 shows the manufacturing process of plastic material flow in Thailand in 2010. Figure 4.22 Manufacturing process of plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 The total masterbatch generation in the petrochemical industry amounted up to 7.8 million tonnes in 2010. The material flow of plastic in 2010 presented the different plastic flows of thermoplastic and thermosetting. The amount of major thermoplastic consumption was around 3.19 million tonnes, while the amount of thermosetting material used was 0.29 million tonnes in 2010 (PTIT, 2010-2011). These amounts of virgin materials including recycling materials were used to produce the different kinds of plastic products, especially packaging industries. From Figure 4.22, 2.6 million tonnes of thermoplastic products was produced in the manufacturing, while only 0.46 million tonnes of thermosetting products was generated in 2010. The amounts of imported and exported plastic goods were 0.42 and 0.95 million tonnes respectively. The long-lived products were stocked in the plastic consumption process. These stocked products may become plastic wastes in the next 3-5 years. Lastly, this process presented the negative stock which means that plastic products produced in the year 2010 were also taken by the stock from previous years.. For this material flow, the amount of masterbatch stocked in country was reported by OIE, and this amount was 0.14 million tonnes in 2010 that was presented as the upper stock in the process box. 4.2.1.2 Plastic Consumption There are two kinds of plastic products such as long-lived products and short-lived products. The long-lived products include automobile parts, electrical and electronics appliances, furniture and construction devices, housewares, and agricultural products. The long term applications are accumulated in the system boundary of plastic material flow so called stock “in use”. The short-lived products consisting mainly of packaging and some medical devices become wastes in limited time. Therefore, the assumptions of plastic waste generation from long-lived products were set to complete the material flow of plastics. Only 5% of electrical appliances, automobile parts, and construction products became wastes, while 63
50% of agricultural products was converted to wastes in 2010. Figure D-1 in Appendix D presents the sub-process of the plastic consumption process. Table D-1 in Appendix D shows amounts of plastic waste generation from each kind of plastic product of the plastic consumption process. Most thermosetting products are the long-lived products, so the assumption is only 1% of thermosetting waste generation from the plastic consumption. Figure 4.23 shows the plastic consumption process in the plastic material flow in Thailand in 2010. Figure 4.23 Plastic consumption process of plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 The negative stock of this process means that the amount of waste generation (reported by PCD in 2010) is more than the amount of product input. The assumption of plastic consumption of each activity was set, and the assumed stock from that assumption was equal to 1.53 million tonnes. The amount of actual product stocked in this process was present by OIE, and that amount was 24,981 tonnes in 2010. Thus, the total stock in the consumption process was 1.55 million tonnes which was show at the upper line of stock box in Figure 4.23. The short-lived plastic wastes generated daily were collected and transported to waste treatment and disposal facilities. According to PCD (2010), the amount of MSW generation was 15.16 million tonnes in 2010 out of which 2.58 million tonnes (17%) was municipal plastic wastes (MPW). The percentage of waste collection in Thailand was 80% of total waste generation, and 20% of waste generation was not collected from municipalities (PCD, 2012). Collected plastic wastes were managed by the different options such as incineration, recycling and landfilling. Some collected plastic wastes were not disposed properly, and then they expanded to the environment. 4.2.1.3 Collection, transportation and disposal Plastic wastes contain high calorific value (37 MJ/kg), so they can be used as RDF to generate electricity or heat energy at power plants and manufactures. RDF was produced from landfilled plastic wastes or residue wastes of waste sorting unit. The material recycling was done in recycling factories by using sorted plastic wastes to produce recycled pellets. These recycled products are used again in the plastic manufacturing, while the generated residue wastes from recycling factories are disposed at landfills. Finally, the feedstock recycling from plastic wastes was operated at seven municipalities and three private companies in 2010. Landfilled plastic wastes are converted to crude oil at municipal oil recovery plants, as plastic wastes in collected MSW were fed into pyrolysis reactors at private oil recovery plants. Figure 4.24 shows the waste collection and transportation process of the plastic material flow in Thailand in 2010. 64
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6:
List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8:
4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10:
PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12:
Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14:
4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16:
Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18:
2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20:
Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 123 and 124:
Table A-6 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126:
A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128:
Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
- What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138:
2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140:
4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142:
B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144:
B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146:
3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148:
B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150:
B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152:
2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154:
This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156:
(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158:
c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160:
matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162:
Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164:
C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166:
silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168:
Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170:
C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172:
Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174:
3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176:
Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178:
Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180:
networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182:
C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184:
4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186:
6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188:
C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190:
fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192:
ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196:
Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198:
D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200:
Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218:
E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220:
Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
E.4 The estimation of imported and
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
show all

Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?