Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Table 4.5 Prices of Recycled Resins Classifying by Color (Field observation, 2013) Color of recycled resins Prices of recycled resins (Baht/kg) Green, light blue, red, yellow 25 Black 22-23 White 30-35 Clear 35-40 Feedstock recycling Plastic wastes in covered landfill are dug and fed into pyrolysis reactor in order to produce oil which can be sold to petroleum industries. This project is a catalytic pyrolysis to convert plastic bags into crude oil. This technology was created by Poland, and India bought this idea and produced pyrolysis machines for selling. Only HDPE, LDPE, and PP are fed into this reactor. PVC is not used for this machine because PVC contributes chloride when it is burnt, and then chloride will react and damage equipment. This system requires many catalysts such as zeolite, alumino-silicate clay, natural clay, metal-loaded catalyst and hydro-cracking catalyst to reduce a burning time and temperature required for combustion. Finally, this pyrolysis plant required around 150 million Baht including building, pyrolysis reactor, machine imported, controlling system, and workers. The operational cost is 15 Baht/L, and the selling cost is 18 Baht/L. This crude oil from this plant is sold to the Integrate Refinery Petrochemical Complex (IRPC Refinery) in Rayong and Bangchak Petroleum Plc. 4.2 Material Flow Analysis of Plastics in Thailand 4.2.1 The material flow of plastic in Thailand The material flow of plastics was quantified by considering the amounts of plastics in the specific system boundary. The system boundary of plastic flow in this study was “Thailand in 2010”. Most available data related to plastics and plastic wastes were presented in 2010. Nine processes in the material flow of plastics were shown in Thailand boundary. The import of system boundary means that the materials are inputted in the system boundary such as plastic resins from the petrochemical industry, imported resins, imported products and imported wastes from other countries. Otherwise, the export of system boundary includes the exported products, exported wastes to other countries, and the products from processes which are not studied and focused in this material flow. Finally, the stock of system boundary means that the materials are being used or stored in the system boundary. The material flow of plastics in Thailand in 2010 consisted of nine processes such as the plastic manufacturing, plastic consumption, waste collection and transportation, municipal incineration, industrial incineration, landfilling, recycling, plastic to oil, and open environment. Figure 4.21 illustrates the material flow of plastics in Thailand, 2010. The details of each process in the material flow are described as following: 61
Figure 4.21 Material flow of plastics in Thailand, 2010 (Unit: flow-tonne/year, stock-tonne) 62
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
Page 87 and 88: Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 119 and 120: Table A-2 Details of parameters and
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Table A-4 Details of parameters and
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Table A-6 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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