Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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List of Figures Figure Title Page 2.1 Integrated solid waste management hierarchy 3 2.2 Blow molding 7 2.3 Injection molding 8 2.4 Extrusion process flow 8 2.5 Extrusion process for pipe/tube production 9 2.6 Rotational molding 9 2.7 Vacuum forming 10 2.8 Pressure forming 10 2.9 Mechanical forming 11 2.10 Laminate processing 11 2.11 Compressed molding 12 2.12 European plastics demand by segment in 2011 13 2.13 Pretreatment of each type of plastic wastes and plastic waste 15 recycling 2.14 Schematic diagram of the pretreatment process 16 2.15 Schematic diagram of a pelletizing process 17 2.16 Trammel 18 2.17 Separation machine 18 2.18 NIR sorting machine 18 2.19 NIR scanner machine 18 2.20 Gasification and melting furnace power generation system 19 2.21 Schematic diagram of a liquid fuel production plant 20 2.22 Oil recovery plant 20 2.23 Gasification process for converting plastic wastes to chemicals 21 2.24 Coke oven chemical feedstock recycling 22 2.25 Schematic overview of pelletizing 23 2.26 MFA procedure 28 2.27 Material flow of plastic wastes in Austria, 2004 29 2.28 Material flow of plastic wastes in India for 2000/2001 30 2.29 Key words for identifying stakeholder 31 2.30 Position classification of stakeholder 33 2.31 Recycler Flow of Trade and Flow of Recyclable Recycling 35 3.1 Research methodology 37 3.2 Seven selected provinces in Thailand 39 3.3 Four selected districts in Bangkok 39 3.4 Initial flow of plastic in Thailand, 2010 42 3.5 Proposed scenarios for the plastic waste management in Thailand, 49 2016 4.1 Percentage of plastic products in Thailand, 2010 51 4.2 Masterbatch 53 4.3 White HDPE masterbatch 53 4.4 Percentage of polymer consumption in Thailand, 2008 53 4.5 Percentage of major polymer consumption in Thailand, 2010 53 4.6 Percentage of municipal solid waste composition in Thailand, 2012 56 vi
4.7 Percentage of municipal solid waste composition in Thailand in 2013 56 4.8 Amounts of plastic waste generation and recycled plastic wastes 57 4.9 BMA waste collectors 58 4.10 Waste transferring process 58 4.11 Waste pickers 58 4.12 Landfill scavengers 58 4.13 Percentage of waste disposal method in Thailand in 2010 58 4.14 Mechanism of plastic recycling in Thailand 59 4.15 Plastic Waste shops at Pathumthani province 59 4.16 Wong Panit at Nakhon Ratchasima province 59 4.17 Sorting unit in pelletizing factory 60 4.18 Washing unit in pelletizing factory 60 4.19 Pelletizing process 60 4.20 Recycled resins 60 4.21 Material flow of plastics in Thailand, 2010 62 4.22 Manufacturing process of plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 63 4.23 Plastic consumption process of plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 64 4.24 Waste collection and transport process of plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 65 4.25 Recycling and plastic to oil processes of the plastic material flow in Thailand, 2010 66 4.26 Material flow of plastic industry in Thailand, 2005 67 4.27 Material flow of plastics in Thailand, 2010 67 4.28 Material flow of plastics in 2016; Scenario 1 71 4.29 Material flow of plastics in 2016; Scenario 2A 73 4.30 Material flow of plastics in 2016; Scenario 2B 76 4.31 Material flow of plastics in 2016; Scenario 3 78 4.32 Relationships of stakeholders of scenario 1 80 4.33 Relationship of stakeholders of scenario 2 81 4.34 Relationship of stakeholders of scenario 3 83 4.35 Flows of expenditure for each waste management process in each scenario 85 4.36 Percentage of public opinion on plastic waste management scenarios 86 4.37 Stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand 88 4.38 Possible stakeholder network of plastic waste management in Thailand 95 vii
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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