Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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4.1.2.4 Plastic waste recycling Material recycling According to PCD (2004), the mechanism of plastic recycling in Thailand is shown in Figure 4.14. First, waste generators like household, offices, business sectors, and restaurants supply their wastes to waste buyers e.g., waste shops, plastic recycling factories, and middle dealers. Household Offices Business Restaurant Other Sell to recycling shop Discard as solid waste Sell to plastic melting factory Sell to middle dealers Sell to recycling factory 59 Sell to market Figure 4.14 Mechanism of plastic recycling in Thailand (PCD, 2004) Use as recycled products Waste pickers and landfill scavengers also sell plastic wastes to waste shops. (see Figure 4.15 and 4.16). Waste shops buy and store large amount of recyclable plastics. They supply their plastic wastes to recycling factories. Some waste shops have to clean and reduce big size of waste into small scraps, so they have to wash and cut their wastes. Wastewater and dust are generated during washing and cutting. The local administration must monitor and control those environmental issues carefully. Figure 4.15 Plastic Waste shops at Pathumthani province Figure 4.16 Wong Panit at Nakhon Ratchasima province
Similarly, some recycling factories want to clean plastic waste by themselves, hence they build the pretreatment process in the factory. Figure 4.17 presents the sorting of plastic wastes at the pelletizing factories, and Figure 4.18 shows the washing process of plastic scraps. Figure 4.17 Sorting unit in pelletizing factory 60 Figure 4.18 Washing unit in pelletizing factory After cleaning plastic wastes, plastic scraps are melted through the thermal process. The product from pelletizing factory is plastic resins (masterbatch). Finally, recycled resins are used to produce plastics in the plastic industry again. For example, Asia Piboonwong Ltd., Co. has the plastic bags factories, so the owner uses recycled resins to produce plastic bags. Figure 4.19 shows pelletizing process, and the recycled pellets are illustrated in Figure 4.20. Figure 4.19 Pelletizing process Figure 4.20 Recycled resins Materials which are used to produce plastic goods are considered about contamination, raw material prices that a used plastic cost will increase if raw material is the high cost, and types of plastics (i.e., PP and PET costs are higher than PVC). The prices of used PP and used PET are about 15-17 Baht per kilogram while the used PVC cost is around 8-11 Baht per kilogram. Used plastics that are mostly contaminated have lower costs than high purity plastic. The quality of recycled resins affects the prices of recycled resins. Color of recycled resins is the one factors used to set the middle prices. Table 4.5 shows the prices or recycled resins classifying by color. Black color resins are cheapest compared to others because this color is from the mixing of every plastic color. These black resins can be used to produce only black plastic products like garbage bags, buckets, and pots.
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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Table A-2 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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