Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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4.1.2.2 Plastic waste generation in industry and waste utilization In 2010, there was 1.83 million tonnes of industrial plastic waste generation, and then it was 1.84 million tonnes in 2011. The amounts of municipal and industrial plastic waste recycling in 2010 were 0.35 (14%) and 0.16 (8%) million tonnes respectively. The amounts of plastic waste generation and recycled plastic wastes in municipality and industry are shown in Figure 4.8. Amount of plastic waste (1000 tonnes) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 4.8 Amounts of plastic waste generation and recycled plastic wastes (PCD, 2011) From Figure 4.8, plastic wastes were generated a lot of waste amount, but plastic waste were recycled in small amounts, especially industrial sector. Thus, plastic wastes are still the problem of waste management because they affect the space areas in landfills which are used to dispose waste, and they spent more time for degradation. 4.1.2.3 Plastic waste collection and disposal Normally, local administrations provide the waste bins at roadsides to storage wastes from household and institutions. the waste collection services are also provided by municipality. During waste collection, BMA waste collectors always separate plastic wastes from curbside bins, especially plastic bottles. The BMA waste collectors mix and sell sorted plastic wastes to the waste shops in front of transfer station (field observation, 2013). Figure 4.9 illustrates BMA waste collectors collect wastes and sort them for sale. Figure 4.10 shows the waste transferring process at Sai Mai transfer station. Besides, there are waste pickers and transfer station/landfill scavengers who collect and separate wastes from waste bin for sale. Figure 4.11 and 4.12 present waste pickers and landfill scavengers respectively. BMA has a good solid waste management system because the local administration can collect wastes coverall BMA areas. At the transfer station, solid wastes are usually sorted by the scavengers who do the illegal waste separation in transfer station areas. Therefore, the amount of wastes for disposal decrease and the municipalities can save their expenditure for waste collection and disposal. 57 Municipal Plastic Waste Recycled Municipal Plastic Waste Industrial Plastic Waste Recycled Industrial Plastic Waste Year
Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Figure 4.11 Waste pickers 58 Figure 4.10 Waste transferring process Figure 4.12 Landfill scavengers There are three favorite waste disposal methods in Thailand such as landfilling, incineration, and open dumping and burning. Figure 4.13 presents the percentage of waste disposal methods in Thailand in 2010. 5.77 million tonnes or 38% of solid wastes in 2010 was disposed properly out of which 37% of proper disposed wastes was disposed at landfills. There were three incinerators in Thailand which are in Phuket province, Toa Island and Samui Island. Although, the solid waste management in other urban areas has a good disposal site, but lack of the maintenance funds and skilled labors cause the increasing in percentage of open dumping and open burning. Therefore, municipalities have to operate and monitor continuously waste disposal to improve the best practice on waste management in Thailand. Open dumping and Open burning 61% Municipal incineration 2% Landfilling 37% Figure 4.13 Percentage of waste disposal method in Thailand in 2010 (PCD, 2010)
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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