Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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In 2011, major flooding in BMA region affected to many plastic factories resulting in the reduction of production. The furniture and construction plastics were consumed more than other kinds of plastic products to renovate flooded houses and buildings. In addition, furniture and construction plastics were imported in large amount compared to the previous years (OIE, 2011). Moreover, the last flooding in 2011 also affected the automobile industry because the car factories in industrial estate were damaged from this flooding. The plastic wastes from industrial sector were disposed around 9.3 million tonnes in 2011 and 18.3 million tonnes in 2012 respectively (DIW, 2013). Therefore, the plastic automobile part industry has increased the plastic production capacity since 2012. Similarly, the electronic and electrical industry consumed a lot of plastics to increase amount of new products. 4.1.2 Current situation of plastic wastes management in Thailand 4.1.2.1 Waste generation and plastic wastes in MSW Thailand developed the municipal waste management (MSW) continuously since 1993 until the present. The solid waste management information has collected by PCD, and PCD also provides policies/plans for the waste management of all areas in Thailand including municipal wastes, hazardous wastes, infectious wastes, and recyclable wastes. The amount of solid wastes has increased since 1993 until 2010 because there are an economic growth, social expansion, tourism development, and population growth. Both of them effect on production and packaging followed by the consumption. Most products and packages are plastics, and 50% of packaging plastics become plastic wastes after use for one time (FPRI, 2011). Amount of municipal waste generation in Thailand was 15.16 million tons of solid waste or 41,532 tons/day in 2010 out of which 17% of municipal waste generation was plastic wastes. There was 1.83 tonnes of industrial plastic waste generation in 2010. Table 4.3 shows the amount of municipal waste generation in Thailand, 2003-2010. Table 4.3 Amount of Waste Generation in Thailand, 2003-2010 (PCD, 2013) Areas Waste generation rate (tonnes/day) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 BMA 9,356 8,291 8,403 8,532 8,780 8,834 8,766 Puttaya city 12,500 12,635 12,912 13,600 14,915 16,368 16,620 Outside of municipality 18,100 18,295 18,697 18,200 17,369 16,208 16,146 Total 39,956 39,221 40,012 40,332 41,064 41,410 41,532 Municipal solid wastes consist of food waste, plastics, papers, glasses, metals, rubbers, woods, textiles, and others. Each type of wastes is divided into many types. For example, plastic wastes are divided into 8 kinds such as HDPE, LDPE, PET, PVC, PP, PS, thermosetting plastic, and other plastics. The percentage of composition of municipal solid waste in Thailand is shown in Figure 4.6. The percentage of municipal solid waste composition from the filed observation at Sai Mai transfer station is illustrated in Figure 4.7 55
Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass 3% Wood 1% Rubber 1% Textile 1% Other 3% Food waste 64% Figure 4.6 Percentage of municipal solid waste composition in Thailand, 2012 (PCD, 2012) 56 Organic waste 59% Plastic & foam 23% Figure 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid waste composition in Thailand in 2013 (Field observation, 2013) From above figure, there were 64% of food wastes, 17% plastic wastes, and 8% of paper wastes in 2012. While, the percentage of plastic wastes at Sai Mai transfer station was around 23% in 2013, and it is similar to the percent of plastic waste in BMA in 2010 (25%). Most existing plastic wastes in MSW are plastic bags amounte up to 87%. Plastic bags are not popular to collect and recycled, so all of plastic bags (HDPE and LDPE) at the transfer station are disposed at landfills. In 2004, the average percentage of plastic wastes in Bangkok was 15.68% out of which 5.89% of HDPE wastes and 4.98% LDPE wastes were generated. PET waste was only 0.29% in these areas because PET or water bottles are recycled more than other plastics. The percentage of composition of plastic waste in Bangkok in 2004 and 2013 is shown in Table 4.4. Table 4.4 Percentage of Composition of Plastic Waste in Bangkok in 2004 and 2013 (PCD, 2004 and Field observation, 2013) Year Percentage of each type of plastics in MSW (%) PP PET PVC PS HDPE & LDPE Other 2004 14.5 1.8 2.1 7.3 63.2 5.1 2013 2.97 2.16 - 1.89 87.82 5.26 Glass 1% Textile & Other 3% Paper 14% From Table 4.4, HDPE and LDPE wastes were the highest fraction (87.82%) of plastic waste generation in 2013. The example of HDPE and LDPE wastes is plastic bag and film which waste pickers and transfer station scavengers do not collect to recycle. There was 1% of thermosetting waste generation from households e.g., melamine wares. PP, PET, PS, and PVC wastes were a little fraction in municipal plastic wastes in 2013 because these kinds of plastic wastes can be recycled.
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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