Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

industry. Figure 4.2 shows the masterbatch, and Figure 4.3 presents the white HDPE masterbatch. Figure 4.2 Masterbatch (PolyPacific, 2013) Figure 4.3 White HDPE masterbatch The amount of plastic product generation continuously decreased since 2005 until 2011 compared to 2002. On the other hand, the amount of virgin material used (masterbatch) increased since 2005 until 2011 compared to 2002. The masterbatch is produced from Thai petrochemical industry. The downstream products from the petrochemical factory are used as raw materials in the plastic industry such as HDPE, LDPE, PET, PVC, PP, PS/EPS, ABS/SAN, and thermosetting resins. Figure 4.4 and 4.5 present the percentage of each type of polymer used in Thai plastic industry in 2008 and 2010. Other 36% LLDPE 7% LDPE/EVA 6% HDPE 12% PP 21% PVC 10% PS/EPS 5% ABS/SAN 3% Figure 4.4 Percentage of polymer consumption in Thailand, 2008 (PTIT, 2008) 53 PE 56% PP 19% PVC 14% PS/EPS 6% ABS/SAN 5% Figure 4.5 Percentage of major polymer consumption in Thailand, 2010 (PTIT, 2010) From Figure 4.4, in 2008, the thermoplastic polymer which is highest used is PP (21%), and the next order of polymer used is HDPE (12%). These kinds of polymers are usually used to produce the packaging plastics e.g., bottle, microwavable wares, detergent packaging, glasses or cups, and plastic bags and films. 10% of PVC is the third consumption to produce plastic furniture and pipes for construction and agriculture works. Other polymers includes both thermoplastic and thermosetting such as epoxy glue, PC, PMMA, silicone, POM, melamine, and nylon.
From Figure 4.5, this figure shows the major polymer used in Thai plastic industry in 2010. PE (56%) is the famous polymer using in Thai plastic industry includes HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE. Most of them are used in the packaging industry, food industry and construction works (HDPE pipes, and LDPE films). The following polymer used is PP (19%) and PVC (14%) respectively. PS is sometimes used to produce the electrical and electronic parts, especially air conditions. Finally ABS/SAN is used in the automotive and electrical and electronic industries. The recycled materials are the plastic pellets from the recycling factory through melting process and forming a pellet shape. The amount of recycled material used is depending on the plastic waste collection and recycling system because plastic factories mix the virgin materials and recycled materials to produce plastic products, especially the plastic bag industry. However, the recycled materials can be used directly to generate recycled plastic products i.e., recycled PS resins are used to produce the plastic stationery or clothes hangers/pegs wearing apparels. Recycled HDPE resins are used to produce plastic bags or waste bags/bins. The amounts of imported and exported products are usually changed followed by the international markets and competitions with other countries. Table 4.2 Amount of Product Generation, Imported-Exported Products and Virgin Material Used in Country in 2002, 2005, 2010 and 2011 List Amount of plastic products (1,000 tonnes/year) 2002 1 2005 2 2010 3 2011 4 Product generation 4,977 4,528 4,400 4,200 Imported product 467 260 421 453 Exported product 1,924 850 947 967 Virgin material used 3,099 3,000 3,431 3,561 Note: 1. All available data in 2002 are from the plastic and foam waste study (PCD, 2002). 2. The amounts of plastic product generation, imported and exported products, virgin material used are presented in the PTIT presentation, 2005. 3. The amount of product generation was estimated from material flow analysis of plastic in 2010. The amounts of imported and exported products and virgin material used are present in the annual report of OIE, 2011-2012. 4. The amount of product generation is presented in the PTIT presentation, 2012. The amounts of imported and exported products and virgin material used are present in the annual report of OIE, 2011-2012. From Table 4.2, the amount of plastic production decreased continuously because there are many plastic producers in Asian which export plastic goods to Europe and America regions such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan, China, and Philippines. The amount of virgin masterbatch had increased since 2005 because this amount of masterbatch is not only used to produce plastic products, but it is also used to produce textile and leather, agriculture, and plastic containing products. According to PTIT (2010), the growing demand from electrical and the electronic industry and an automobile industry causes the increase of plastic generation, especially large amounts of electronic and electrical devices which are exported to other countries. The new designed products are used as components of cars instead of the oldest plastic products including the high demand of owner vehicles, so it causes the higher production of plastic products in order to support the automobile industry. 54
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6:
List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8:
4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10:
PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114:
Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116:
Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118:
Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128:
Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
- What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138:
2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140:
4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142:
B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144:
B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146:
3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148:
B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150:
B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152:
2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154:
This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156:
(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158:
c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160:
matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162:
Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164:
C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166:
silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168:
Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170:
C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172:
Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174:
3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176:
Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178:
Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180:
networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182:
C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184:
4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186:
6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188:
C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190:
fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192:
ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196:
Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198:
D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200:
Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218:
E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220:
Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
E.4 The estimation of imported and
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
show all

Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?