Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Chapter 4 Results and Discussions This study was done on the plastic waste management in Thailand. The material flow analysis was presented as results of the study including stakeholder analysis and scenario developed. The current situation of plastic industry and plastic waste management in Thailand were presented in this chapter. The material flow of plastics in 2010 was illustrated and described by MFA. Then, the scenarios for plastic waste management in 2016 were proposed through the consideration of policies and plans of government organizations. The comparison of each scenario was resulted based on the financial analysis, sensitivity analysis and results of public awareness. Finally, the results of stakeholder analysis were presented as the importance and roles and relationship between stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand. 4.1 Current Situation of Plastic Industry and Plastic Wastes Management in Thailand 4.1.1 Current situation of plastic industry in Thailand According to Plastic Institute of Thailand (2010), Thai plastic industries produce many kinds of plastics which are used in different works such as packaging, construction, automotive, electronics and electrical appliance, housewares, medical devices, agriculture, recreation, footwear, and other. Each kind of product is used in country, and some products are exported to other countries. These plastic products include the pure plastic products and plastic containing products. Figure 4.1 shows the percentage of plastic products in Thailand, 2010. Agriculture 4% Footwear 1% Recreation 4% Electronic & Electrical Appliance 12% Housewares 10% Construction 16% Medical Devices 1% Figure 4.1 Percentage of plastic products in Thailand, 2010 (PTIT, 2010) From Figure 4.1, the plastic that is produced for packaging is the highest percentage (40%), and the second production is the plastic for construction (16%). The percentages of plastic productions for electronic and electrical appliance, housewares and automobile part are 51 Other 5% Automotive 7% Packaging 40%
12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The following orders are the plastic for agriculture (4%), recreation (4%), footwear (1%), medical devices (1%), and other (5%). In 2012, there were about 5,778 plastic factories in Thailand out of which 400 were the plastic recycling factories (6.92%). The plastic bag factory was 27.71% of all kinds of plastic industries (DIW, 2012). 80% plastic factories are in the Central part of Thailand in BMA region e.g., Bangkok and perimeters or around 80% of all factories, and 8% is in the Eastern Thailand (OIE, 2011). The annual data of plastic industries in 2010 are shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Annual Data of Plastic Industries in 2010 (PTIT, 2010) List Value No. of factories Amount of production labor (person) 205,566 1,874 factories Amount of other labor (person) 52,084 1,509 factories Production capacity (tonne/year) 2,310,185 1,749 factories Actual production (tonne/year) 2,214,101 1,749 factories Total sales (million Baht) 123,447 1,141 factories Capacity Utilization (%) 95.84 1,740 factories Amount of masterbatch used (tonne/month) 170,752 1,656 factories The plastic industry can make 220,000 million Baht of revenue. The exported products are the important issue to make the high revenue, and Japan is the biggest plastic exported market, especially in 2011 when the disaster from Tsunami and earth quake was occurred in Japan. The major partners of Thailand are America, Austria, China, and Japan, and the main competitors of plastic markets are Malaysia and China (OIE, 2011). The revenue from product exported were more than 80,000 million Baht, but the expenses from product imported were more than 83,000 million Baht (OIE, 2010). The trade deficit was caused from balancing of revenue and outcomes of imported and exported products because the slow economic growth affects the ability of plastic industrial development. Therefore, Plastic Institute of Thailand (PIT) proposed the plastic industrial development plan for 2012-2016. The goal of this plan is that Thai will become a leader on plastic industry in Asian and supporting the sustainable development of plastic industry within 2016. In 2016, the plastic product generation will be increased by 5% per year, or from 3.18 million tonnes to 4.48 million tonnes. The total revenue from plastic products will be increased by 333,000 million Baht in 2016 (OIE, 2010). The overview of plastic industry was presented by the trend of plastic production, petrochemical industry and international markets. Table 4.2 shows the amount of product generation, imported-exported products, and virgin material used in country in 2002, 2005, 2010, and 2011. The virgin material or masterbatch is used to produce the plastic products in the plastic manufacturing. Masterbatch or plastic resin is petrochemical products which are added the pigments (colorizing) or other additives. Masterbatch is a mixture of pigments and/or additives which is produced through a heat process generating a plastic resin. After processing, it is supplied in granule form. Plastic producers usually use the needed colored masterbatch, so they order either colored masterbatch or uncolored masterbatch from the petrochemical 52
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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