Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Development Plan (AEDP) in 2012-2021. Figure 3.5 presents the proposed scenarios for the plastic waste management in Thailand in 2016. Plastic waste management (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BAU Increase of 30% Recycling Rate with Promoting Bioplastics Increase of 30% Recycling Rate Figure 3.5 Proposed scenarios for the plastic waste management in Thailand, 2016 3.6.2.1 Scenario 1: Business As Usual (BAU) This scenario presented the material flow of plastic in Thailand in the year 2016. There are no changes in plastic waste management options. The percentage of each management way in 2016 is the same as the percentage in base year 2010. This scenario assumes a percentage growth in Thailand in the year 2016, with an estimated population of 65.6 million. With such increase in population the plastic waste generation will also increase in 2016. 3.6.2.2 Scenario 2: Increase in recycling rate by 30% The second scenario was set by considering the concept of 3R law and the plastic bag taxation rules. This scenario was divided into two parts; the scenario 2A is based on the promotion of 3R laws but not promoting the biodegradable plastics, and the scenario 2B is based on the promotion of 3R laws inclusive of plastic bag taxation along with the promotion of biodegradable plastics. The contents of this scenario 2A include: - Waste recycling plan: The Pollution Control Department (PCD) showed a plan to increase the recycling rate of waste into 30 percent within 2016 - Promoting the material recycling: The material recycling like pelletizing is promote by government and cooperation of private sectors. The efficiency of material recycling will be increased into high rate of production capacity by considering the available technologies. - Integrated waste management system: The Pollution Control Department showed an annual report of the municipality which was set the material recovery facility (MRF). This unit can make the recycling rate increase. The scenario 2B presented that Thai government plans to collect the plastic bag tax from both of producer and consumer. Before the declaration of this tax, Fiscal Policy Research 49 Increase in Waste to Energy Option Open environment Landfill Reuse Oil recovery Recycling Industrial incineration Municipal incineration Exported waste
Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a research by considering the positive and negative effects of the plastic bag taxation. Now, this taxation is not used or formally declared in Thailand, but it is known by plastic bag producers and the relevant organizations. In addition, this taxation also promotes the biodegradable plastic products instead of plastic bags from petroleum materials, and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is the one cooperation which affects the plastic package production. The biodegradable plastic packages are promoted to use in the food industry. The biodegradable plastic products are promoted as the alternative products when the plastic bag taxation is used for the plastic waste management in Thailand. 3.6.2.3 Scenario 3: Increase in waste to energy option According to Ministry of Energy plan (2012), the rate of energy recovery and the use of alternative fuels will increase by 160 MW within 2021 from waste to energy e.g., anaerobic digestion, RDF production, waste incineration, and oil recovery from plastic wastes (DEDE, 2013). This situation was taken as the Scenario 3, which explains how the plastic waste flows will and accumulation will change if such waste to energy recovery options are promoted. 3.6.3 Data analysis 3.6.3.1 Using MFA and Stakeholder analysis In the material flow analysis, the amount of plastic flow were calculated and filled in the STAN software. The new flows and processes were created and calculated in the material flow of plastic depending on the details of each scenario. The stakeholders who play a role on plastic waste management related to each scenario were analyzed and presented combining with the material flow in order to present the important point/risk point of the scenario. For example, the stakeholder at the manufacturing process includes PIT, PTIT, PTIA, and TPFRIA, and this group of stakeholder may support and oppose the law/policy/plan. 3.6.3.2 Comparison of each scenario The primary and secondary data were used to explain deeply details of each scenario before the comparisons. The analysis which was used to compare each scenario consists of the financial analysis of scenario and evaluation of public awareness and opinions on each of the proposed strategies for plastic waste management. 1. Financial analysis The total costs of scenarios were considered and presented in this step. The costs include the investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, revenue and profit, and taxes and fees. The assessment of financial cost estimates total costs of all processes in the scenarios. 2. Evaluation of public awareness/opinion This evaluation is the results of questionnaire responded by households, and interviews with the relevant organizations. The acceptance of people on the scenario was presented as a result, and their opinions on the plastic waste management were also described in the next chapter. 50
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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