Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Information for MFA of Plastic in Thailand (continued) No. Parameter Description Source of information 25 Stock 5 Amount of plastic wastes which is stocked in the recycling process 26 Stock 6 Amount of plastic wastes which is stocked in landfill 18 OG1 Amount of off-gas generation from municipal incineration 19 RW1 Amount of residue waste generation from municipal incineration 20 II1 Amount of landfilled plastic wastes which is burnt in industrial incineration 21 OG2 Amount of off-gas generation from industrial incineration 22 Stock 7 Amount of residue waste generation from industrial incineration which is stocked in the process 23 PO1 Amount of landfilled plastic wastes which is used to recovery oil at oil recovery plant 24 O Amount of crude oil generation from the plastic to oil process (oil recovery) 25 RW2 Amount of residue waste generation from the plastic to oil (oil recovery) 26 PO2 Amount of fresh plastic wastes which is used to recovery oil at oil recovery plant 45 -Annual report of municipality -Research of efficiency of incinerator -Annual report of municipality -Research of efficiency of incinerator -Annual report of cement factory -Field observation -Thai Cement Manufacturers Association (TCMA) -Annual report of cement factory -Field observation -Annual report of cement factory -Field observation -Annual report of municipal oil recovery plant -Field observation -Pollution Control Department (PCD) -Newspaper -Annual report of municipal oil recovery plant -Field observation -Pollution Control Department (PCD) -Annual report of municipal oil recovery plant -Field observation -Pollution Control Department (PCD) -The report from oil recovery plant (private sectors) -The field observation 27 IW Amount of imported plastic wastes -The Custom Department 28 RP Amount of recycled products (pellets) which is used to produce plastic products 29 RW3 Amount of residue waste generation from the recycling process 30 RW4 Amount of residue waste generation from the industrial incineration 3.4.3 Data analysis for MFA -The researches/books -The field observation -The researches/books -The field observation -Annual report of industrial incinerator -Field observation The material flow of plastic in Thailand considered all kinds of plastic products such as plastic containing in automobile, agriculture, electronic and electrical devices, packaging, housewares, furniture and construction. Both thermosetting and thermoplastic were studied and quantified in this material flow. The material flow started from plastic production process in the manufacturing to waste disposal and recycling processes. Data from
questionnaires, interview, field observation, and secondary data were used to quantify and analyze the material flow of plastic in Thailand. All parameters or numbers were calculated to complete the material flow, and the balance of material flow was checked carefully. After calculation and finalization, the result of this step is the complete material flow of plastic in Thailand, 2010 which was used as the base material flow in order to analyze the scenarios for plastic waste management in the next step. For the data analysis step, the important issue is a consideration process-by-process. There are nine processes in system boundary, and each process was analyzed. The details of data analysis of nine processes are shown in Appendix A. 3.5 Stakeholder Analysis 3.5.1 Stakeholder lists This step is to identify and list all possible stakeholders involved in plastic MFA. There are many key words that are used to consider and help to lists stakeholders of the plastic waste management such as importance, influence, strengths, special considerations, resources, networks, types, stage, communication, and engagement levels of stakeholders. One stakeholder will be the most important stakeholder if it can affect other stakeholders and has a driven force to directly affect all stakeholders. For example, Pollution Control Department in Thailand declares policies and drafts laws related to plastic waste management in Thailand. It also shares the information to the municipality. There are two types of stakeholders namely, primary and secondary stakeholders. Some stakeholders share information between stakeholders, and they play a role as third parties or are called secondary stakeholders. Resource preparers, governors, and traders provide resources for plastic waste management. For example, the private company provides waste collection trucks, while BMA office provides the budget to rent waste collection trucks from the private company. There are many persons and organizations related to plastic waste management in Thailand. The stakeholders of plastic waste management include waste generators, waste collectors, waste recyclers, recycled product buyer, informers, resource supporters, consulters, and functional participants, and interactive participants. This step was done by listing all stakeholders related to plastic waste management in Thailand. The lists of relevant stakeholders of plastic waste management in Thailand are shown in Table A-11 in Appendix A. 3.5.2 Data collection for stakeholder analysis 3.5.2.1 Secondary data collection Before beginning primary data collection, secondary data are reviewed and collected on the priority stakeholders. These data should be more detailed, and it should include some statements regarding the stakeholders’ positions, some goals or objectives of the organizations, and data on the quantities or types of resources available to the stakeholders. Secondary data were reviewed from the ministries, departments, authorities, and person of concern having roles and responsibilities with regard to plastic waste management in 46
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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