Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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There are many kinds of the position of stakeholders such as supporter (S), moderate supporter (MS), natural (N), moderate opponent (MO), and opponent (O). The position classification of stakeholder is shown in Figure 2.30. Support (S) Moderate Support (MS) Neutral (N) 33 Moderate Opponent (MO) Figure 2.30 Position classification of stakeholder (Schmeer, 2013) Opponent (O) From Figure 2.30, stakeholders who agree with the implementation of the project are considered as supporters (S). Those who disagree with the project are considered as opponents (O). Next, those who do not have a clear opinion, or whose opinion could not be discerned, are considered neutral (N). Those who express some, but not total, agreement with the project should be classified as moderate supporters (MS). Finally, those who express some, but not total, opposition to the project should be classified as moderate opponents (MO). Thus, these positions are filled in self, other, and final columns. 3.2 Determine the interest of stakeholder This interest column is filled by advantages and disadvantages mentioned from each stakeholder in as much detail as possible. This information is related to the implementation of the project which makes stakeholders interested in advantages and disadvantages of the project. 3.3 Determine alliances of stakeholder Webster (1984) stated that alliance is “a union or relationship”. Alliances are formed when two or more organizations collaborate to meet the same objective (both of support and opponent of the project). Any organization that is mentioned by the stakeholder related to this information should be entered in this column. 3.4 Fill in the resources column and create a power index for each stakeholder There are many types of resources such as human, financial, technological, political, and others. The accessibility of stakeholder to all resources is considered in order to complete the resource column. The resource category is divided into two parts as following: The quantity of resources that a stakeholder has within an organization or area, and the ability to mobilize those resources. The quantity of resources are rated from 3 to 1 to fill information in stakeholder table (3 = many, 2 = some, and 1 = few). The ability of the stakeholder should be quantified as following: 3 = the stakeholder can make decisions regarding the use of the resources in his/her organization or area 2 = the stakeholder is one of several persons that makes decisions regarding the use of resources 1 = the stakeholder cannot make decisions regarding the use of the resources.
For example, if the stakeholder has workers that work for him/her, it can be concluded that the stakeholder has the ability to mobilize these resources because he/she has direct influence over them. The power column refers to the ability of the stakeholder to affect the implementation of the project due to the strength or force from stakeholder actions. This power is combined to measure the amount of resources that a stakeholder has or his/her capacity to collect them. The power index is rated from 3 to 1 (3 = high power, 2 = medium power, and 1 = little power). 3.5 Determine leadership of stakeholder Webster (1984) mentioned that leadership is specifically defined here as the willingness to initiate, convoke, or lead an action for or against the project. The stakeholder either has this characteristic ("yes") or lacks it ("no"). The leader column is represented with "yes" or "no." 4. Analyzing the stakeholder table The information in stakeholder table needs to be "analyzed." Such analysis should focus on comparing information and developing conclusions about the importance of stakeholder’s relative, knowledge, interests, positions, and possible allies of stakeholders regarding the project. There are many steps for data analysis by considering: Who are the most important stakeholders (from a power and leadership analysis)? What is the stakeholders' knowledge of the project? What are the stakeholders' positions on the specific project? What do the stakeholders see as possible advantages or disadvantages of the project (interest analysis)? Which stakeholders might form alliances? The "importance" of stakeholders is defined here as their ability to affect the implementation of the project. Power and leadership are the characteristics that determine a stakeholder's ability to affect or block the implementation of a project, and these two characteristics are the basis for the first "importance" analysis. Stakeholders are divided into three groups as following: Group 1: who have leadership and high power (level 3) Group 2: who have leadership and medium power (level 2) Group 3: who do not have leadership but have high to medium power (level 2 or 3) The information found in the knowledge data can be crossed with the power/leadership analysis to highlight the importance level of the stakeholders with a low knowledge level. This cross-analysis will result in an even smaller priority group for targeting communication strategies. The knowledge data also can be cross-referenced with the position of the stakeholders to determine if those opposed to the project have a consistently low level of knowledge. The interest data can be used advantages and disadvantages identified by the stakeholders can be used to explain their positions or to emphasize their knowledge of the project (i.e., 34
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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