Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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In 1994, the stock of plastic products in Austria was 7.1 million tons. While it reached 11 million tons after ten year later. In Poland, the stocks of plastic goods are estimated around 23 million tons. The annual increasing of stocks is approximately 9% in Poland and 3-4% in Austria (Brunner, Bogucka and Kosinska, 2008). The material flow of plastic wastes in Austria is shown in Figure 2.27. Figure 2.27 Material flow of plastic wastes in Austria, 2004 (Brunner, Kosinska and Bogucka, 2008) The plastic waste management goals of this MFA study were to increase the stocks of plastic products in consumption process (change from short-live product to long-live product). The stock of plastic products increased into 60% within the period 1944-2004. The second is to ban or limit the hazardous substances that contain in plastics products such as cadmium, zinc, lead, etc. the plastic recycling will be done easily if the hazardous substances are eliminated. Most of plastic wastes in Poland are disposed at landfills (90%). The alternative methods or treatment for waste management should be improved. Plastic wastes can be converted into fuels, or used to generate electricity. There will have the new laws and policies to increase the recycling rate. For example, the Austrian Landfill Ordinance implementation in 2004 promoted thermal treatment of waste: at 60% of plastic wastes are incinerated and used for energy recovery compared to energy recovery from incineration in 1994 (10%). 2. India The relationship between plastic consumption rate and GDP per capita are used to identify the amount of plastic wastes in the future. During the last decade the total consumption of plastic grew twice as fast (12%) as the GDP growth rate based on purchasing power parties (6%). The percentage of plastics in municipal solid waste has also increased significantly from 0.7% in 1971 to 4% in 1995. 29
There are 0.25 million workers in recycling sector. More than 90% of the workers are employed in the processing and recycling sector out of the total 0.45 million employees. Informal enterprises are usually not registered and thus evade rules and regulations, e.g. tax laws, minimum wage laws, accounting and workplace safety. Recycled products are available at a 20–40% lower price than the same products manufactured from virgin plastics. While the latter are preferred by the middle and upper classes, the cheaper recycled products certainly serve the markets of the low-income classes of Indian society. Figure 2.28 shows the material flow of plastic wastes in India for 2000/2001. Figure 2.28 Material flow of plastic wastes in India for 2000/2001 (Mutha, Patel and Premnath, 2006) The policies are needed to manage the problem from plastic waste recycling in India. There is the plastic ban in some cities, and the promoting of long-term of product used. For the future trends, plastic waste disposal at landfill will increase and recycling rate will decrease because the long lifespan of products will change the characteristic of plastic which is not suitable for recycling (Mutha, Patel and Premnath, 2006). 2.6 Stakeholder Analysis 2.6.1 Background of stakeholder analysis Stakeholders are any person, groups or organizations who can be positively or negatively impacted, or cause an impact on projects or activities proposed. Stakeholders include international/donors, national political (legislators, governors), public, social security agency, ministry of finance), labor (unions, medical associations), commercial/private sectors, non-profit organizations (NGOs, foundations), civil society, and users/consumers. There are two kinds of stakeholders such as primary and secondary stakeholders. First, primary stakeholders are most affected by positive (beneficiaries) and negative (losers) impacts. Second, secondary stakeholders are the intermediaries/relatives of projects or activities proposed. Key stakeholders are both of winner and loser who can significantly influence, or are important for the success of the project. 30
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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