Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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contaminants. The sorted and washed waste is then crushed before melting and pelletizing. The pellets produced will be sold to plastic product manufacturers as raw material. The Government has been promoting waste recycling through the use of 3-colored waste separation bins placed at housing estates and public places. Plastic recyclables to be collected by bins include not only plastic bottles (e.g. beverage bottles, shampoo bottles), but also used plastic bags, plastic containers (e.g. buckets), plastic toys, plastic flower-pots, CDs and expanded polystyrene packaging materials etc. (Environmental Protection Department, 2012). 2.4 Laws and Policies Related to Plastic Waste Management in Thailand 2.4.1 Related laws in Thailand 2.4.1.1 Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535 (1992) Three chapters of the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act should be amended. They are chapter 1 on the National Environment Board, Chapter 2 on the Environment Fund, and Chapter 3 Penalties (Proposed amendments are italicized and boldfaced) (PCD, 1998) 1. Chapter 1 on the National Environment Board Another subparagraph should be inserted in to Section 13 as follows: amended “(15) To determine lists of goods and collection rates for packaging and waste residue tax, subject to the cabinet’s approval” 2. Chapter 2 on the Environment Fund The Section 23 bis are proposed for the Fund which shall be used for following activities The Fund will support the packaging waste and waste residue management program of local authorities/governments, as specified by the Environmental Fund Committee. The Fund will reimburse industrial operations and importers for their recovery of packaging waste and waste residues from consumers when they meet the criteria specified by the Environmental Fund Committee. The Fund can be used to monitor, inspect and assess the Pollution Control Department’s performance in packaging waste and waste residue management, subject to the approval of the Environmental Fund Committee. The Fund can be used to support activities undertaken by the Hazardous Substances and Waste Management Division, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment to develop systems, approaches and methods to better manage and utilize packaging waste and waste residues, subject to the approval of the Environmental Fund Committee. The Fund will cover the administrative costs that may arise from the management. 25
3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should incorporate a new section: “Section… A taxpaying person who fails to pay packaging waste and waste residue tax, pays after the due date, or pays less than the rate specified under Section 23 ter shall be liable to a penalty of…” 2.4.1.2 Excise Tariff Act, B.E. 2527 (1984) and Customs Tariff Act, B.E. 2530 (1987) If the Excise Department and Customs Department are to collect packaging and residue fees in addition to the current fees they are required law to collect, the laws should be amended. Case 1 The annex to the Excise Tariff Act (1984) should be amended so that packaging and residue tax is added to the tax rate according to the value or the amount of the packaged goods for local markets. There are eight parts of tax rate such as oil and palm oil, drinks, electrical appliances, glass and glassware, automobiles, boats, fragrance and cosmetics, and other. Case 2 The annex to the Customs Tariff Act (1987) should be amended so that packaging and residue tax is added to the duty rate according to the price or the condition of the imported packaged goods from abroad. The goods are listed in Part 2 of Imported Tariffs, Categories 1-21 (Parts 1-97). Category 7: plastic and articles made of plastic, rubber and articles made from rubber (Parts 39-40). 2.4.2 Related policies in Thailand 1. 4R policy There is 4R policy that consists of reduce, reuse, recycle, and research. Reduce is less use at sources, and Reuse is repeat use of products again and again. Recycle is new products generation from used products, and Research is study and find the innovation to improve the sustainable development (PCD, 2004). 2. Eco-design Packaging Division from Bureau of Supporting Industries Development (BSID) in Thailand provides “Eco-design or Design for Environment” to support the sustainable development principle and reduce the environmental impacts from plastic wastes. Ecodesign consists of single component product, recyclable product, and product that is easy to dispose and separate (PCD, 2004). 3. Waste to Energy Governmental policy has set renewable energy as the national agenda. It promotes production and utilization of renewable energy by the Subsidy Adder. 26
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
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Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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