Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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2.3.3.1 Pelletizing Pelletizing can produce recycled plastic resins from plastic wastes in order to use recycled resins for plastic production again. First of all, plastic wastes are sorted into seven specific types followed by SPI code. Plastic wastes should be shredded to reduce the size of plastic wastes from product form into flakes before pelletizing. Then, shredded and agglomerated materials can be used directly for pelletizing processes to produce plastic resins/pellets. The pelletizing process requires the extrusion machine to produce plastic pellets. The main functions of the extrusion machine are mixing of various substances/homogenization, compression, degassing, plasticization, and melt filtration. In the first step of pelletizing, plastic flakes mixing with additives (e.g., pigments which are added to make different colors of plastic pellets) are fed into the hopper of the extruder. Figure 2.25 gives a schematic overview of the pelletizing process. Figure 2.25 Schematic overview of pelletizing (Plastic Technology Center, 2008) Plastic flakes are fed to the hopper, and then they go through a rotating screw. Next, they are forced down the barrel to the extrusion die head. Electric heaters, water or air coolers are fitted around the barrel to control the temperature. Heat from friction along with the heat cremating from the heating elements fitted around the barrel cause plasticization. Plastic flakes are compressed inside the extrusion, and then they are screwed to the die head. There is a filter screen to remove any solid particles/residue wastes during processing. The spaghetti-like plastic strings that are sent out of the extrusion die head will be cooled by passing them through water bath. The strings which are supported by rollers placed at the end of the water basin are strained into the pelletizer. The pelletizer chops the strings into short, uniform, and cylindrical pellets that are ready for use in the plastic manufacturing. In addition, residue wastes generated by this process can be extruded again. Figure 2.26 presents the recycled pellets from the extrusion process. 23
2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products PET bottles from sorted household wastes are collected, compressed and packed by municipalities for transportation to plants operated by recycling businesses. At the recycling plant, the waste is sorted to remove impurities, and the remaining PET bottles then shredded and cleaned, foreign bodies are non-resins are removed and the remainder turned into flakes and pellets for recycling. The recycled materials are then sent to textile and sheet-making plants, where they are again melted down to make into textile and sheet products (Plastic Waste Management Institute, 2009). 2.3.3.3 Monomerization: PET bottles to PET bottles The method chemically decomposes the used PET bottles into their component monomers (de-polymerization), and they are made into new PET bottles from this stage. 2.3.4 Case study of plastic waste recycling 2.3.4.1 Waste recycling in Thailand Wongpanit Company is an example of success in recycling activities with the cooperation of informal sector and public participation. The company buys at least 100 different kinds of wastes, mainly plastic, paper, metal, and glass bottles. About 20 percent of recycled materials are exported to China, the rest sold on domestic market. The company earns 200 million Baht in 1999. The business does not only increase the revenue of people, who participate in recycling activities, it has, at the same time, halved the daily volume of waste collected (Kittikanya, 2001). The most plastic collected by the Wongpanit Company are Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene (PE), and Polyvinylchloride (PVC). After collection, the company always sorts plastic wastes into each of these four groups. In each group, plastic wastes are also sorted into different colors such as clear, green, red, white, blue, and black. Contaminants (e.g. aluminum, foils, etc.) must be removed. The plastic is then crushed, washed, dried, packed and sent to a plastic recycling plant in Samut Prakarn province. Some types of plastic are not recycled in Thailand, e.g. PVC because the quality of recycled PVC is lower than the virgin materials. PVC plastic scraps are exported to Myanmar, where there is a market for the lower quality products. Polyethylene plastic (PET) from cooking oil and some water bottles are packed with a hydraulic compactor and exported to China for making elastic fibers and textile fibers (Foppes, 2000). 2.3.4.2 Waste recycling in Hong Kong About 1.6 million tons of plastic wastes were recovered in Hong Kong. The amount recovered in 2010 increased by 366 thousand tons (or 30%) as compared with 2009. The recovered plastic waste was mostly exported to the Mainland and Vietnam for recycling (99.8% or 1.5 million tons). Most local plastic recyclers consume only clean plastic wastes. The plastic waste recycling process starts with the sorting by resin types. The plastics are rinsed to remove 24
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
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Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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