Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Figure 2.15 Schematic diagram of a pelletizing process (UNEP, 2009) Small-scale model (150 kg/hr) This small-scale model does not have pre-treatment process, (as aforementioned, a sorting process is not required if properly segregated waste can be collected) so the combustible wood, paper and plastic waste is directly fed into the crusher of the facility. After crushing the materials, they are transported through a pipe conveyor and are introduced into a twinscrew pelletizer. The heating value of solid fuels depends on the composition of the material contained especially RDF. RPF heating values can be controlled easily due to using the dry and sorted plastic wastes which have been collected and separated from industries and companies. The heating values of various fuels and wastes are shown in Table 2.4. Table 2.4 Heating Values of Various Fuels and Wastes (UNEP, 2009) Fuel or waste Typical heating value (kcal/kg) RDF 4,000-5,000 RPF 6,000-8,000 Coal 6,000-8,000 Heavy oil 9,500 Wood/paper 4,300 Plastics (PE) 11,000 MSW 1,000-1,500 17
Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand There are many RDF plants in Thailand such as Pitsanulok municipality, TPI Polene Company, GEOCYCLE Company, etc. RDF can be produced from fresh MSW and landfilled wastes. The processing includes pretreatment, separation, and size reduction. First of all, wastes are unloaded at the unloading area, and then wastes are dried for 6-8 hours. The first size separation is operated by trammel (see Figure 2.16) to prepare 300 mm. wastes. Next, there is the separation between heavy waste and light waste by the separation machine (see Figure 2.17). This step can separate the non-combustible wastes (e.g., metal, glass, soil, stone, ceramic, etc.) out of combustible wastes. After that, the first size reduction is started to prepare 90 mm. wastes by shredding machine. Figure 2.16 Trammel Figure 2.17 Separation machine (TPI Polene Ltd., Co., 2011) The next process is separation by NIR sorting machine (see Figure see Figure 2.18) and inspection by NIR scanner machine (see Figure 2.19). In general, the moisture content of RDF is less than 25%, and wastes will be dried again if they have more than 25% of moisture content. This step also inspects the calorific value and chloride contained of RDF before using in the incineration. Finally, the size reduction machine is used to reduce the size of wastes into 30 mm., and then RDF is stored in the silo. Figure 2.18 NIR sorting machine Figure 2.19 NIR scanner machine 18
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25: process usually involves two steps,
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
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Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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