Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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3. Tertiary Recycling: This recycling can be defined as the extraction of chemicals from plastic wastes. Some common methods of chemical extraction are pyrolysis, hydrolysis, glycolysis, etc. 4. Quaternary Recycling: Quaternary recycling or recuperation of energy can be defined as the recovery of energy from wasted. Some recovery of energy processes is by burning the waste in steam-generated incinerators and in heat exchangers, pyrolysis, hydrogenation, anaerobic digestion, etc. There are many recycling technologies in order to convert plastic wastes into new products, fuels, and energy. Recyclable plastic wastes sorted and collected before converting to other products. The pre-treatment is needed such as separation, washing and cleaning, size reduction, classification, drying, etc. Figure 2.13 shows about the pretreatment of each type of plastic wastes and plastic waste recycling. Figure 2.13 Pretreatment of each type of plastic wastes and plastic waste recycling From above Figure, there are three ways to recycle plastic wastes such as material recycling, chemical recycling, and energy recovery (waste to energy). The different recycling has the different technologies, machines, processes, and operations. The details of each plastic waste recycling are described as below: 2.3.1 Energy recovery (plastic waste to energy; WtE) 2.3.1.1 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) According to UNEP (2009), the solid fuels are produced from solid wastes which have high calorific values, and solid wastes that are used to covert to solid fuels are kitchen wastes, used paper, waste wood, plastics, and other dry feedstock. There are two types of solid fuels such as RDF (refuse derived fuel), RPF (refuse-derived paper and plastic densified fuel). RDF is usually made from municipal solid wastes (wastes wood, paper, plastics, etc.), while RPF consists of plastic and paper wastes. The solid fuel production 15
process usually involves two steps, pre-treatment (pre-treatment includes coarse shredding and removal of non-combustible materials) and pellet production (pellet production comprises secondary shredding and pelletizing (
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
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Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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