Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Other 27% Automotiv e 8% Electrical & Electroic 5% Figure 2.12 European plastics demand by segment in 2011 (PEMRG, 2011) According to Plastic Institute of Thailand (2013), Thai plastic industries produce many kinds of plastics which are used in different works such as packaging, construction and furniture, automobile, electrical and electronic, housewares, medical devices, agriculture, and other. A brief overview of the many uses for plastics is following: 1. Packaging: The packaging industry is the most popular in both oh Thailand and the world. The plastic packages are usually produced from thermoplastics such as PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS. The packages include bottle, film, bag, tray, box, and other food containers. Certain plastic have excellent impenetrable properties, acting as barriers to oxygen, water vapor, and other substances which are to be kept either in or out of containers. 2. Construction and furniture: The building industry is the second largest consumer of plastic products. The construction requires high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chlorides (PVC) for pipes and siding sheets. Plastic are diversely used as insulators, door and window frames, moldings, screws, and hardware all contain plastics. 3. Automobile: A variety of plastic is used in the manufacture of automobiles, trucks and even air planes. There are many types of plastic materials which are used to produce motorcycles, passenger cars, and trucks e.g., ABS, PA, PBT, PC, PE, POM, PMMA, PET, PVC, PP, PS, PU, etc. Plastic products of the automotive industry include fuel lines, brake linings, windshield wipers, tires, bumpers, speedometer gears, emission canisters, headlights, steering wheels, and fuel pumps all contain tough plastics. More flexible plastics are used for interior paneling, seats, and trim. 4. Electrical and Electronic Devices: Many plastics are used in the electronic and electrical industries such as ABS, PA, PBT, PC, PMMA, POM, PP, PS, PU, PE, PET, and others. The examples of plastic products in the electronic and electrical devices are refrigerator, television, radio, computer, mobile phone, fan, microwave, coffee makers and wires/cables of devices. 13 Packaging 39% Building & Constructi on 21%
5. Housewares: This kind of product is the tools which are always used in household. The plastic materials which used to produce housewares products include PP, PET, PC, PS, and PE. The most popular products consist of tupperware, carpets, as bottles, shower heads dishes, cups, glasses, toothbrush, toys, chairs, tables, cloth hangers, combs, trays, skylights, eye glasses, keys, door knobs, shelf, bed, etc. 6. Agriculture: There are many kinds of agriculture products which are produced from different materials such as metals, glasses, and plastics, but the plastic products for agriculture are consumed more than metal/glass products because it is strong and durable as well as metal/glass materials. PVC and HDPE pipes are the most popular products for agriculture. The other products for agriculture work are LDPE film, PP woven sack, HDPE bottles, plant pot, gutter, and PC roof 7. Medical devices: Plastic products are also used in the hospital, so this plastic products must be safe and not cause any harmful with patients/consumers. There are many plastic materials that are used to produce the medical devices such as PVC, HDPE, PET, etc. The medical plastic products include flexible tube, saline bag, medicine bottle, syringe, gloves, film x-ray, and others. 8. Others: this group consists of stationery product, footwear, toys, sporting goods, textile, and wearing apparels. This group has low production capacity compared to other groups. All plastic materials are used to generate the products in this group, and the example products include pen, pencil, document case, racquet, clasper, bracelet, necklace, rings, doghouse, and others. 2.3 Plastic Waste Management After consumption, plastic products become wastes, and plastic wastes are generated from different sources such as household/community, industries, and agriculture. The first waste collection and storage is done at the street bins or industrial waste store, and there may be waste separation by consumers and waste pickers. After that, plastic wastes are collected and transported by the waste collection truck. Then, plastic wastes are properly disposed by incineration and landfilling, or they are recycled into materials, chemicals, and energy. The plastic waste recycling is the one suitable method to manage wastes through the 3R principle in order to reduce the amounts of plastic waste generation and disposal. Moreover, the material recycling also makes the petroleum resource consumption decreases because plastics are produces from petroleum which is the limited resource. There are four categories of recycling are considered as following (Dev, 2007): 1. Primary Recycling: It can be define as recycling of uniform, uncontaminated plastic waste produced from manufacturing plastic products. Only thermoplastics can be directly reprocessed. It can be used alone or mixed with virgin materials at various ratios. Primary recycling can be performed in the plant itself through small re-processor standard units. 2. Secondary Recycling: It can be defined as recycling by separated series of systems of operation for plastic materials such as post-consumer waste recovered from the municipal wastes. Post-consumer wastes are obtained from returnable packages and industrial wastes which cannot be used for primary recycling that are single wastes or mixed wastes. 14
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Figure 4.30 Material flow of plasti
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Figure 4.31 Material flow of plasti
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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