Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Figure 2.9 Mechanical forming (CUSTOMPART.NET, 2013) 6. Laminate: This process uses the plastic liquid to coat materials (e.g., paper, plastic, textile, etc.) depending on the demand of market. There are many methods for coating materials such as electrostatic and heating. Figure 2.10 shows the example of laminate processing. Figure 2.10 Laminate processing (Best In Packaging, 2013) 7. Compressed molding: First, the plastic resin is weighted to set the certain weight based on needs of market. Then, it is baked to remove the moisture content. Third, it is put into the mold. After closing the mold, it is pressed following free space in the mold. Next, the pressing should be slow to distribute the heat cover all a product. Finally, plastic will be set and cool when the time is over. Figure 2.11 presents the compressed molding process. 11
2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 Compressed molding (Newth Design, 2013) Last few years have been disordered for plastics and petrochemical sector due to steep rise in oil prices, which has adversely affected the global economies. Feed stock and newer petrochemical are produced in Middle-east countries (i.e. Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc.). The ethylene (PE) is produced about 35 million tonnes/year, and polypropylene (PP) capacity reach to about 7 million tonnes/year in 2010. Asia has been world’s largest plastics consumer for several years, accounting for about 30% of the global consumption excluding Japan. North America is the second plastic consumer (26%), and then Western Europe consumes 23% of plastic products (CIPET, 2013). In 2011, the consumption of plastic increase because there are many development project and population rising. Plastic material growth is the innovation of newer areas that have development such as increasing plastics applications in automobile, transportation, defense and aerospace, medical and healthcare, electrical & electronic devices, construction and furniture. The consumption of plastic per capita is the one indicator which presents the amount of plastic used. The highest consumption of plastics is the North America which consumed 147 kilograms/capita, this consumption rate was increased compared to 2010. Similarly, the South East Asia used 10 kilograms/capita of plastics in 2010, and then it consumed 24 kilograms/capita of plastics in 2011. In the Western Europe, the plastic consumption rate was 65 and 136 kilograms/capita in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Plastics Europe Market Research Group (2011) mentioned that the total amount of plastic production in the European was 4.7 million tonnes in 2011. The highest plastic production was packaging (39%), and twenty one percent of plastic products were used for building and construction. Figure 2.12 presents the European plastics demand by segment in 2011. 12
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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