Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB): UASB is an anaerobic process forming a blanket of waste. Waste water flows from the bottom, through the blanket, and cleaner water is released from the top. The sludge is trapped in the blanket by gravity. Bio gas that is released within can be collected and used as clean energy to run the treatment plant. Aeration tank: Aerobic digestion take places inside the tank, bacteria consume organic matter and generate carbon dioxide. Diffuser systems or blowers are required to keep the waste water underneath the bottom oxidise. Reverse osmosis: The final effluent will be released after being treated by reverse osmosis. This effluent will be very clean, suitable for drinking. 4. Health aspect of workers: Workers such as truck drivers, scavengers are at risk of road safety issues. For the safety of the scavengers, safe driving is highly recommended. Chemicals which are harmful when in direct contact with the skin can cause occupational hazards. Personal protection equipment should be worn at all times for the safety of scavengers. Most scavengers in Sai Mai transfer station prepared their wearing and protection equipment by themselves (see Figure C-54). Avoid storing and keeping waste overnight to prevent scavengers roaming around. This is dangerous as the trucks are moving anytime and their lives are at risk. 7. Conclusion Figure C-54 Personal wearing of scavengers at transfer station From the data, it has been identified that majority of the waste thrown can be reduce through recycling. Despite having volunteer sorting out plastic bottles and recyclable materials, plastic are not taken into consideration due to the low value fetch from selling it. Hence, more has to be done to achieve unnecessary dumping and this would require community as well as government’s involvement and commitment. 177
C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkorn University in Saraburi Location: Renewable Energy Co.,Ltd, Keang Khoi Saraburi 18110, Thailand Institution: Clean and Green Fuel Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University General Information “Project Name: Production Enhancement Project of Biomass to Energy to increase competitiveness of industrial manufacturing process and for technology trading. This project has been done by Chulalongkorn University since 2010. Scope of work Royal Thai Government wanted to establish practice research center for utilization of biomass and waste in order to save technology import from aboard. Chulalongkorn University got the budget and improved the research complex at Saraburi province under 1,500 million baht budget. Kairos is responsible for the construction and installation of Waste to Energy part” Objective and Activities Gather information about state of the art biomass & MSW-Refuse conversion technologies provided by Thai manufacturers. Initial target was to visit a rubber tyre pyrolysis plant that Mr. Kulabusaya is affiliated with and gather data about its operational status but due to concerns about air pollution standards of that plant, he decided to take us to the “Clean and Green Fuel Research Center” that belongs to the Faculty of Science of Chulalongkorn University. After getting appointment from Mr. Kulabusaya a field visit was conducted with all members of the “Plastic Recycling” group that was personally guided by Mr. Kulabusaya. He showed and introduced the different units to the group and answered questions by team members. Due to his time restriction the question and answer period last only for about an hour. None of the units were in operation and no other staff was available to obtain further information. About Clean and Green Fuel Research Center The facility has been constructed since 2010 under a research grant given to Chulalongkorn University and most of the installations are just finished. The aim of this project is to investigate the standard that has been achieved by Thai manufacturers in this field of technology, to avoid unnecessary expensive imports that are assumed to be necessary by Thai industries. Furthermore it should provide training and educational purposes for students from Chulalongkorn University of the field of mechanical engineering, environmental technology and chemical engineering. The units in this research center are all in a pilot scale and ready for scaling up. The technologies present are Pyrolysis, Rectification, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis, Analysis Laboratory, Bio-diesel Esterification, Fluidized Bed Dryer, Rotary Kiln, Sorting Technologies, Bio-Filter, Gas Engines, Biogas Digester, Sludge Drying Beds and Distillation Unit. Pyrolysis Unit 1: This is a fixed bed Pyrolysis with a reaction chamber of 60 x 60 x 300 cm that is fed and agitated by a conveyor screw. The unit can be fed with Rubber, MSW-Refuse and 178
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172: Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174: 3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176: Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178: Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180: networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182: C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184: 4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185: 6. Environment issues and observati
Page 189 and 190: fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192: ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194: Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196: Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198: D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200: Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 215 and 216: Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218: E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220: Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 223 and 224: E.4 The estimation of imported and
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Table E-9 Details of each flow of s
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