Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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After weighting all categories of wastes, the percentage of waste composition in MSW at Sai Mai transfer station is identified and presented as the pie chart (see Figure C-52) Organic waste 59% Figure C-52 Percentage of waste composition in MSW at Sai Mai transfer transfer From Figure C-52, the highest amount of waste generated is organic wastes. Microorganism breaks down organic waste to form ‘leachate’. Bacteria, rotting compounds and chemical contamination are present in the leachate. This is a hazard when it reaches the water source such as surface water and ground water. Organic compounds can be digested and release a greenhouse gas called methane. Composting can be done by breaking down organic substance into smaller compounds. This can reclaim nutrients from organic waste, save landfill space, reduce leachate produced. Fertilizer produced can be used to improve farm land. Currently, only On Nuch transfer station has a composting plant. Therefore, Sai mai should build their own composting plant considering the benefits and long term effects. From above Figure, the second highest amount of waste generated is plastic. Most of the plastic waste are found as containers and packaging such as soft drink bottles, lids, shampoo bottles. The best method of reducing plastic waste is by source reduction. Industry control the amount of plastic generated. Less material should be used for packaging product. A higher technology company could introduce bio-degradable plastic bags. Consumers could encourage people to bring their own grocery bag to minimize plastic usage at source by charging 1 baht per plastic bag. The money collected will be used for recycling plants for plastic and reduce disposal at landfill. Every time people buy items from a grocery shop, they will be reminded to bring their own recycled bags, which make them a habit to be less dependent on plastic bags Moreover, glass and metals contributes to the least amount of waste. This could be possibly due to the high value of glass and metal when they are resold. Scavengers look out for glass bottles and metal products, collect them then sell it to contractor which will be paid for reasonable amount. 175 Plastic & foam 23% Paper 14% Glass 1% Textile & Other 3%
6. Environment issues and observations 1. Air pollution: is caused from the decomposition of organic compounds. Dust and vehicle exhaust emissions at transfer station is a hazard to our lungs. Air pollution control team might use chemical to control odour. Odour pollution control could be done for the nearby community. Build a cover or a shelter to hold and prevent the smell from diffusing into the nearby air. On-nuch has been containing the odour, which is a good example for Sai Mai to follow. 2. Noise pollution: is caused by the vehicles such as trucks, cranes and bulldozer. The transfer station should be far away from the community so that they will not be affected by the pollutants under WHO code of practice. Another solution is to plant big trees surrounding transfer station. The trees will act as a noise buffer and a visual buffer. 3. Treatment of leachate: Rotary screen: The leachate water passes through rotary screen to remove all large objects such as cans, glass and plastic pieces. The solids are disposed back into the landfill. Equalizing tank: The tank holds water and release into secondary treatment at a uniform flow condition. Dilution is required if the chemicals in the leachate is too high. The main objective is to control the discharge of waste water. Figure C-53 Leachate from waste and truck washing is treated from the start (rotary screen) and ends with (reverse osmosis) 176
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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Page 133 and 134: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172: Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174: 3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176: Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178: Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180: networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182: C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183: 4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 187 and 188: C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190: fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192: ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194: Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196: Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198: D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200: Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 215 and 216: Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218: E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220: Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 223 and 224: E.4 The estimation of imported and
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Table E-8 Details of each flow of s
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