Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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was produced, but the technology of this machine was created in Poland. The name of this machine is TS-2500, TIM Envipro. This machine consists substantially of a rod screen, and it is rotated to separate heavy components like broken glasses and soil, but it cannot separate large size components such as plastic bottles, toys, metals, glass products, rubbers and others. After separation by the drum screen, the waste stream has to be sorted by labors. Manual sorting: this step requires 10 labors to separate other waste components which are not plastic bags by hands. The waste stream is transferred by a conveyer belt. Laborers pick wastes up from that belt. This conveyer was designed and constructed by Thai engineers. Plastic bags on the conveyer belt are transferred into an air separation machine which separates contaminants out of plastic bags. Some sorted components are sold to recycle, but some of them are used as soil for landfill covering. Air separation: there are two air separation machines. Plastic bags are fed into the first machine and second machine respectively. Heavy materials are sorted out and fall to the bottom part of the machine, while plastic bags are blown to a specific pipe at the opposite side of the blower of this machine. This machine is useful to remove the content inside of the plastic bags. Figure C-16 presents an air separation machine. Blower Figure C-16 Air separation machine Weighting and packing: plastic bags from the air separation machine are collected into sacks. Each sack should weight 100-125 kilograms before it is send to the stack room, so plastic bags are weighted by a weighting scale (see in Figure C-17). Figure C-17 shows the sorting unit. 2.2 Pyrolysis processing Waste feeding pipe Air flow Waste removal pipe Sorted plastic bag conveyer This project uses catalytic pyrolysis to convert plastic bags into crude oil. This technology was created by a Polish company and an Indian company bought this idea and produced pyrolysis machines for selling. Plastic bags from the sorting unit are fed into the pyrolysis reactor by three labors every 30 minutes. There are 6 tonnes/day of plastic bags utilized in this process and only HDPE, LDPE, and PP are fed into this reactor. PVC is not used for this machine because PVC generates chloride when it is burnt, and the chloride will damage the equipment. This system requires many catalysts such as zeolite, alumino- 155
silicate clay, natural clay, metal-loaded catalyst and hydro-cracking catalyst to reduce the burning time and temperature required for combustion. Normally this system can generate 5,000 liters of crude oil per day, but plastic wastes must be very clean and are not contaminated by any contaminant. In fact, plastic bags from landfill are dirty and contain a lot of contaminants and moisture content, so this pyrolysis process can generate only 3,500-4,000 liters of oil per day. At the first time, the reactor is initially heated by burning LPG at 480-520 ºC to melt the plastic bags, and then the plastic bags are fed into the reactor which has seven paddles. This reactor has a fixed-bed like a pan. Plastic bags are melted and mixed by paddles. Drum screen for heavy material separation Air separation machine for heavy material sorting Weighting scale Figure C-17 Sorting Unit There are four movement patterns for paddles such as left to right, right to left, twist and turn, and up and down. Plastic bags are converted from liquid into gas, and then the gas will be condensed at 250-270 ºC to generate crude oil. Some uncondensed gases are reused for burning in the reactor again in order to reduce the high amounts of LPG required. This reactor is operated for 24 hours. Moreover, some unusable and uncondensed gases are burnt before releasing into the atmosphere. 156 Conveyer belt for manual sorting Conveyer belt for feeding plastic waste to air separation Sorted plastic waste
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172: Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174: 3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176: Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178: Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180: networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182: C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184: 4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186: 6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188: C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190: fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192: ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194: Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196: Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198: D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200: Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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