Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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wash again if there are some contaminants on plastic bags. Table C-6 presents lists and costs of investment, equipment, and operation for this waste shop. Table C-6 Lists and costs of investment, equipment, and operation List Cost -Investment Land 1,200 Baht/month (Rent) Building 50,000 Baht -Equipment -Operation Cars/trucks 7,000 Baht (Tricycle) Weighting scale 4,000 Baht Bale box - Sorting machine - Washing machine 42,000 Baht/machine Shredding machine - Water supply 300 Baht/month Fuel (Diesel) 4,500 Baht/month Employment - Welfare for labor - Insurance - Transportation 250 Baht/week (1,000 Baht/month) Tax and regulation - 1.4 Environmental, Law/Policy, and Health Aspects Environmental aspects There are not wastes from this shop because all plastic bags can be sold. Most plastic bags are collected from municipal bins, so there is bad smell. Wastewater and noise are caused from a washing machine. Wastewater is not treated, and it is drained to small pond backside of this shop. For the overview, this shop is very dirty and an unhealthy shop because there are chickens wastes at limited areas. This family has a cooking site and child nearby waste washing and cleaning. Thus, child may contact with wastes directly and have health problems. Law and policy aspects This shop is a small scale shop, and this business requires less water and electricity. There is not a labor because the owner and her family do this business by themselves. Thus, taxation officers and municipal officers allow this business to operate, and the owner does not pay tax and register for this business. The owner does not know “3R policy” and attend any training project of municipality because this shop is only house, and it is not business. She does not agree to ban using plastic bags because she will lack incomes, and she think that big plastic factories do not agree with this banning. She does not agree to pay more money for waste management charge because she does not generate plastic wastes, and scavengers at landfills usually employ her to wash and clean plastic bags. She does not want to buy plastic bags when she goes to shops/department stores, but she likes to buy recycled plastics because it helps to increase her incomes. Health aspects The owner does not wear gloves, boots, and masks. She said that it difficult to work when she wears protection tools, and she has not been sick or get health impacts from washing and cleaning plastic bags. 153
C.2 Case study from oil recovery plant 1. General Information Name: Master project of plastic to oil Address: Soi. Hua-Hin 112, Phetkasem Road, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Thailand Area: 1,600 sq. meters Period: 2008-2012 (5 years) Employees: 12 persons/ pyrolysis plant and 10 persons/sorting unit Description: This project was run by the cooperation between Hua-Hin municipality, Department of energy, Single Point Energy Environment Ltd., Co. (SPEE), and Bangchak Petroleum Plc. This project consists of two parts such as a sorting unit (operated by municipality) and pyrolysis plant (operated by SPEE). Plastic waste in covered landfill is dug and fed into pyrolysis reactor in order to produce crude oil which can be sold to petroleum industries. 2. Processing 2.1 Sorting unit Figure C-14 Oil recovery plant in Hua-Hin This unit includes digging, rotary separation, manual sorting, air separation and weighting. A sorting unit is operated by labors of Hua-Hin municipality. The detailed steps of the sorting unit are: Digging: excavators dig waste from the covered landfill. There are not only plastic waste, but also paper, glass, metals, rubber, etc. Thus, dug waste is sorted to get only plastic bags. Dug wastes are shown in Figure C-15. Figure C-15 Dug waste Rotary separation: There is a drum screen which is used to separate heavy components out of the dug waste. This machine was imported from India, where it 154
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172: Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174: 3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176: Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178: Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180: networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182: C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184: 4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186: 6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188: C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190: fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192: ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194: Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196: Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198: D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200: Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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