Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2.2 Plastics 2.2.1 Types of plastics 2.2.1.1 Types depending upon Molecular Structure Plastics are natural/synthetic materials. They are produced by chemically natural substances (petrochemical products), or they are synthesized from inorganic and organic raw materials. On the basis of their physical characteristics, plastics are divided into two types such as thermosetting and thermoplastics (Transport Information Service, 2013). 1. Thermosetting plastic: The structure of plastics is same as the web because there are many cross-linked chains of polymers, and this plastic is produced into many structure products. It is not melted again compared to egg which is a hard form after boiling, and it cannot be recycled. Thermosetting plastic consists of epoxy, melamine, urea, phenolic, and unsaturated polyester. 2. Thermoplastic: This plastic has linear or branched chain structures which determine their strength and thermal behavior. It is be melted by heat and setting when temperature decrease compared to candle or ice which can back to product again after using. At approximately 120 - 180°C, thermoplastics become a pasty/liquid mass. It can be recycled and is easy to produce in large amounts, so it is popular to use. Thermoplastic is generated in liquid or pellet forms because it is easy to produce many formats of products. This plastic includes of polyethylene (PE), low density poly ethylene (LDPE), high density poly ethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). 2.2.1.2 Types depending upon Manufacturing and Recycling (SPI Codes) In an attempt to bring order to plastics classification for recycling purposes, the Society of the Plastic Industry (SPI), (U.S.) devised some voluntary codes in 1988. They are commonly called SPI codes, and the numbers within the recycling arrows refer to different types of plastic resins (NatureWorks LLC, 2013). There are seven types of thermoplastic that is recycled as new products. The characteristics, products, and recycled products of each type of plastic are shown in Table 2.2 Table 2.2 Codes, Characteristics of Plastics and Its Products (NatureWorks LLC, 2013 and PCD, 2004) Type of plastic Characteristic Product Recycled product PET/PETE (Polyethylene Terephthalate ) Clear, hard, tough, barrier to gas and water, and resistance to heat and grease/oil Water bottle, cooking oil bottle, strapping, soda bottle, fiber for clothing, carpets 5 Carpet in textile industry, jackets, bedding, packaging, and bottle or container
Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of plastics and its products (NatureWorks LLC, 2013 and PCD, 2004) (continued) Type of plastic Characteristic Product Recycled product HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) PVC (Polyvinyl chloride/Vinyl) LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) PP (Polypropylene) PS (Polystyrene) Other Barrier to water, chemical resistance, hard to semi-flexible, strong, soft waxy surface, low cost, permeable to gas Transparent, hard rigid, good chemical resistance, long term stability, electrical insulation, low gas permeability Tough, flexible, waxy surface, soft-scratches easily, good transparency, low melting point, stable electrical property, moisture barrier Excellent chemical resistance, high melting point, waxy surface, translucent, strong 2.2.2 Plastic production Clear to opaque, glassy surface, rigid, hard, brittle, high clarity, and affected by fat and solvent Produced by many kinds of plastics (one plastic consists of more than two monomers) Milk bottle, shopping bag, jerry can, film, milk packaging, toy, bucket, rigid pipe, crates, bottle cap Pipe and fitting, carpet backing, window frame, water/shampoo/ vegetable oil bottle, credit card, wire and cable sheathing, floor covering, shoe sole Agricultural film, rice and sugar bag, carrier bag, refuse sack, packaging film, foam, bubble wrap, flexible bottle, wire and cable applications Yoghurt container, food bag, drinking straw, medicine bottle, crate, plant pot, car battery case, woven bag Packaging pellet, yoghurt container, fast food tray, disposable cutlery, and coat hanger Baby bottle, street lamp, skylight, canopy, electronic and electrical devices, construction parts, furniture, automotive parts 6 Pipe, household appliance, flower vase, bin, furniture, bottles (not for food) Trough for agriculture, water supply pipe, traffic cone, cable, cassettes, plastic chair, furniture, artificial wood Waste bag, carrier bag, furniture, plastic slab, agricultural plastic sheet Plastic broom, brush, buffer, and battery case Ruler, panel power switch, thermal insulation, thermometer bulb, egg tray Flexible pipe, case of electronic appliance, office devices The plastic formation of Thai plastic industries can be grouped or divided into 13 groups based on the different production processes such as blow molding, stretch blow molding, injection molding, blow film extrusion, film extrusion, sheet extrusion, pipe/tube extrusion, profile extrusion, rotational molding, thermoforming, laminating, tape yarn/filament, compressed molding, and other (PIT, 2013). Table 2.3 shows the plastic formation processes and its raw materials and products in Thailand.
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66:
Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70:
Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74:
50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78:
From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80:
future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82:
From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84:
The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92:
From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94:
sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96:
industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98:
4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100:
of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102:
Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104:
was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106:
5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108:
11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110:
References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112:
Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114:
Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116:
Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118:
Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128:
Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
- What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138:
2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140:
4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142:
B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144:
B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146:
3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148:
B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150:
B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152:
2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154:
This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156:
(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158:
c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160:
matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162:
Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164:
C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166:
silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168:
Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170:
C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172:
Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174:
3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176:
Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178:
Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180:
networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182:
C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184:
4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186:
6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188:
C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190:
fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192:
ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196:
Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198:
D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200:
Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218:
E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220:
Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
E.4 The estimation of imported and
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
show all

Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?