Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Table A-5 Details of parameters and calculation method for landfill process (continued) Parameter Calculation RW4 The residue wastes of industrial wastes which are burnt in the industrial incineration (industrial estate) are disposed at landfills. The assumption is 20% of industrial wastes (1,602,973 tonnes) is disposed at landfills. II1 According to the Geocycle company presentation (2012), Geocycle company prepared 100,000 tonnes/year of RDF for the two cement plants of Siam City Cement company (SCC). This amount of RDF is made from landfill excavation. There was 12% of plastic waste in the municipal solid wastes in 2010 (PCD, 2010). Thus, the composition of plastic waste in RDF is 12,000 tonnes/two plants/year. According to the Department of Industrial Work (DIW) report (2011), there were five cement plants in Thailand which use solid wastes as fuels. These five plants are from Siam City Cement company (SCC), Siam Cement Group (SCG), and TPI Polene company. The assumption was 5 cement plants in Thailand use the landfilled waste as fuels. The amount of landfilled waste used in cement factories was calculated by using the amount of RDF per plant multiplying by the numbers of cement plants that used RDF in the industrial incineration. PO 1 There are 7 oil recovery plants which are observed and presented on the website. These seven plants use plastic wastes from landfill excavation. They are in Samutprakan, Hau-Hin, Ubonrachathani, Rayong, Pitsanulok, Khin Khaen, and Sa Kaeo province in Thailand. According to Single Point Energy Engineering company (SPEE) and the field observation, the amount of landfilled plastic waste feeding in the pyrolysis reactor is 6 tonnes/plant/day. The calculation of this flow was done by multiplying the referent capacity of oil recovery plant by the numbers of oil recovery plants. Stock 6 The amount of stock means that amounts of plastic waste disposal and residue wastes from incineration, recycling and oil recovery are stocked in landfill. This amount was calculated automatically by STAN software. Industrial incineration This process includes landfilled wastes for industrial incineration, especially in the cement factory, and there is also off-gas which is the output of process. Figure A-6 Industrial incineration process 113
Table A-6 Details of parameters and calculation method for industrial incineration process Parameter Calculation II1 and RW4 See the details in Table A-5 II2 See the details in Table A-3 OG2 According to Phuket waste incineration report (2006), the amount of ash generation from the incinerator was 15%-20% of waste feeding. The assumption was 80% of plastic waste which is burnt in industrial incineration will become off-gas. Stock 7 According to Phuket waste incineration report (2006), the amount of ash generation from the incinerator was 15%-20% of waste feeding. The assumption was 20% of plastic waste which is burnt in industrial incineration will become ash. Moreover, plastic wastes which are burnt in cement factory can be used to mix with cement product (SCC, 2012), so this amount of residues waste was assumed as a stock in the cement factory. Plastic to oil The inputs of this process are landfilled plastic wastes and fresh plastic wastes. The products of this process are crude oil and residue wastes which are generated from oil recovery plants. Figure A-7 Plastic to oil process Table A-7 Details of parameters and calculation method for plastic to oil process Parameter Calculation PO1 See the details in Table A-5 PO2 There are three oil recovery plants of private company which were observed in 2010. The three plants were set at TPI Polene PLC. (Saraburi province), Renewable Energy Ltd.,Co. (Saraburi province), and Bangkok Tyre Refinery Ltd., Co. (Chachoengsao province). The assumption is 6 tonnes/day of fresh plastic waste from community is fed into the reactor of oil recovery plants. The amount of plastic waste used in private oil recovery plants was calculated by multiplying the assumed amount by the numbers of private oil recovery plants. In addition, the one oil recovery plant is in Rajamangala University of Technology Thunyaburi (RMUTT). This plant uses 2 tonnes/day of fresh plastic waste, and the calculation method for this amount is same as the calculation of three private companies. Finally, the total amounts of fresh plastic waste used for oil recovery were calculated by the aggregate of all numbers of fresh plastic wastes from all private oil recovery plants. RW3 See the details in Table A-5 O From the Hua-Hin municipality presentation, 80% of crude oil was produced from 100% of plastic waste feeding. The assumption is all oil recovery plants in the municipalities and private companies have the same production capacity. The calculation of amount of crude oil generation from oil recovery plant (plastic to oil) was done by multiplying the referent percentage by all amounts of plastic wastes for oil recovery (PO 1 and PO 2). Stock 8 The amount of stock means that amounts of plastic wastes and crude oil are stocked in plastic to oil process. This amount was calculated automatically by STAN software. 114
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 119 and 120: Table A-2 Details of parameters and
Page 121: Table A-4 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172: Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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