Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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Table A-3 Details of parameters and calculation method for collection and transportation process Parameter Calculation PWP See the details in Table A-2 (IPW1, IPW2, and PWS) EW The amount of exported plastic waste means that amounts of plastic wastes which are exported to other countries. The assumption is thermosetting wastes are not exported to other countries. This number was shown in the Custom Department. It was searched on the website by use the specific code of plastic wastes (HS-Code). The HS-code of plastic waste is 3915. Table A-10 in Appendix A presents the details of HS-code of plastic pellet, product and waste. MI The amount of municipal solid waste which is burnt in the municipal incinerators in 2010 was reported by PCD. The amount of this flow which was calculated by using the reported percentage of waste incineration in the municipal incineration multiplying by the amount of plastic waste generation (PWP and PWS). The assumption is 1% of thermoplastic and thermosetting wastes are burnt in the municipal incinerators. However, the amount of plastic waste generation was deducted by the amount of exported waste before calculating the amount of combusted wastes. II2 The amount of plastic wastes from industries. The amount of industrial plastic waste generation is presented in DIW report. The assumption is 95.6% of industrial plastic waste generation is burnt in the industrial incineration and cement kiln. L The amount of municipal solid waste which was disposed at landfill in 2010 was presented by PCD. The assumption is 65% of thermosetting wastes and 37% of thermoplastic wastes are disposed at landfill. The amount of this flow which was calculated by using the reported percentage of waste disposal at landfill multiplying by the amount of plastic waste generation (PWP and PWS). However, the amount of plastic waste generation was deducted by the amount of exported waste before calculating the amount of landfilled wastes. R The amount of municipal solid waste which was recycled in 2010 was reported by PCD. The amount of this flow which were calculated by using the reported percentage of waste recycling multiplying by the amount of plastic waste generation (PWP). However, the amount of plastic waste generation was deducted by the amount of exported waste before calculating the amount of recycled wastes. UD The amount of municipal solid waste which was not disposed properly in 2010 was presented by PCD. The assumption is 34% of thermoplastic and thermosetting wastes are expanded to the environment. The amount of this flow which were calculated by using the reported percentage of undisposed waste multiplying by the amount of plastic waste generation (PWP and PWS). However, the amount of plastic waste generation was deducted by the amount of exported waste before calculating the amount of undisposed wastes. Then, the undisposed wastes are stocked in the environment. Stock 3 The amount of stock means that amounts of plastic wastes are stocked during collection and transportation. This amount was calculated automatically by STAN software. Municipal incineration This process includes plastic wastes which are burnt in the municipal incineration, off-gas and residue waste which are generated as products of this process. Figure A-4 Municipal incineration process 111
Table A-4 Details of parameters and calculation method for municipal incineration process Parameter Calculation MI See the details in Table A-3 OG1 According to Phuket waste incineration report (2006), the amount of ash generation from the incinerator was 15%-20% of waste feeding. The assumption was 80% of plastic waste which is burnt in municipal incineration will become off-gas. RW1 According to Phuket waste incineration report (2006), the amount of ash generation from the incinerator was 15%-20% of waste feeding. The assumption was 20% of plastic waste which is burnt in municipal incineration will become ash. Landfill This process consists of plastic wastes which are disposed at landfill, landfilled waste combustion in in industries, and landfill excavation for oil recovery plants. The residue wastes from recycling, municipal incineration, and oil recovery are also disposed and stocked in this process. Residue waste (4) Figure A-5 Landfill process Table A-5 Details of parameters and calculation method for landfill process Parameter Calculation L See the details in Table A-3 RW1 See the details in Table A-4 RW2 The residue waste from material recycling means that plastic wastes from collection and transportation process cannot recycled into plastic pellets (pelletizing) and become wastes after manufacturing. According to the case study of pelletizing factory in Thailand, 14% of waste generation from material recycling in the manufacture. The amount of residue waste from recycling process was calculated by using the referent percentage multiplying by the amount of plastic wastes for recycling (R). RW3 From the Hua-Hin municipality presentation, 20% of residue wastes was produced from 100% of plastic waste feeding. The assumption of this flow was all oil recovery plants in the municipalities and private companies have the same production capacity. The calculation of amount of residue waste from oil recovery plant (plastic to oil) was done by multiplying the referent percentage by all amounts of plastic wastes for oil recovery (PO 1 and PO 2). 112 PW4
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
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3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
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Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
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Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
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questionnaires, interview, field ob
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From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
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Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 119: Table A-2 Details of parameters and
Page 123 and 124: Table A-6 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170: C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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