Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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2.1 Solid Waste Management 2.1.1 Background Chapter 2 Literature Review “Municipal solid waste” (MSW) is a term usually applied to a heterogeneous collection of wastes produced in urban areas, the nature of which varies from region to region. The characteristics and quantity of the solid waste generated in a region is not only a function of the living standard and lifestyle of the region's inhabitants, but also of the abundance and type of the region's natural resources. Urban wastes can be subdivided into two major components such as organic and inorganic (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Integrated waste management is a frame of reference for designing and implementing new waste management systems and for analyzing and optimizing existing systems. Integrated waste management is based on the concept that all aspects of a waste management system (technical and non-technical) should be analyzed together (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) has four hierarchy of SWM. These contents consist of source reduction and reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, and treatment and disposal (landfills, incineration with energy recovery) (EPA, 2013a). Figure 2.1 shows the integrated solid waste management hierarchy. Figure 2.1 Integrated solid waste management hierarchy (EPA, 2013a) 2.1.2 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery Waste avoidance, waste reduction, and recycling are the principles that the industrialized and developed country applied when they had to reduce their high amounts of wastes. The 3
4R principle includes recovery, recycling, reduction, and reuse which cause a reduction of environmental pollution. The ultimate goal of these four terms are providing good environment to the public (Dev, 2007). The sequence of the order will be changed according to different processes. The categories of recycling are shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Categories of Recycling (Pichonsajja, 2002) Type of recycling Examples Reuse of article Returnable, refillable bottle Non-sacrificial recycling: reuse of material Color-sorted glass cullet, newspaper re- at similar quality level pulping from newsprint production Non-sacrificial recycling: reuse of material Roofing felt from paper wastes, fiber glass at a lower quality level insulation from plastic bottles Sacrificial recycling: new use of material Road paving material from glass, Thermal recycling: Conservation to storable fuel composting of paper Pyrolysis of urban waste Thermal recycling: Direct incineration to produce energy Incineration of urban waste 2.1.3 Waste disposal Wastes from household, commercial zones, agriculture, and other are collected and transfer to transfer stations, or burnt in incinerators, and disposed at landfills. The transfer station is the facility where municipal solid waste is unloaded from collection vehicles before wastes are disposed at landfills or other treatment or disposal facilities. The transfer station is built because the distances between waste generation sources and disposal sites are so far. The government will save money on the labor and maintenance and operating costs. They can also reduce the total number of vehicular trips traveling to and from the disposal site (EPA, 2013b). Combustion or incineration is the one method to reduce waste volume through burning process. In addition, the heat energy generated can be used to convert water into steam or generate electricity. Burning waste at extremely high temperatures also destroys chemical compounds and disease-causing bacteria. The regular test ensures that residual ash is nonhazardous before landfilling. Ten percent of the total ash in the combustion process is used as daily cover in landfills and road construction (EPA, 2013c). Landfill is the one of waste treatment in order to dispose solid wastes. Many landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling). In general, wastes are disposed at landfills are (1) confined to as small an area as possible, (2) compacted to reduce their volume, and (3) covered (usually daily) with layers of soil. The landfill site needed the specific operation and maintenance because it will cause many environmental impacts if there is the lack of operating and monitoring followed the local regulations, especially bad odor, groundwater contamination, and waste expanding to environment. 4
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11: Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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