Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure A-2 Plastic consumption process Table A-2 Details of parameters and calculation method for plastic consumption process Parameter Calculation PP and PS See the details in Table A-1 IP The amount of imported product means that amounts of plastic products which are imported from other countries. The amount of imported products was assumed to exclude the amount of thermosetting products, and this amount of imported products does not include the amount of electrical and electronic devices and automotive parts because these plastics are imported with the electrical and electronic industry and automotive industry. PWP and PWS This number was shown in the Custom Department and Plastic Intelligence Unit Website. It was searched on the website by use the specific code of plastic product (HS-Code). The range of plastic code is in range 3916-3926. These HS-codes are only pure plastic products which do not contain other materials such as metal, glass, and paper. Table A-10 in Appendix A presents the details of HS-code of plastic pellet, product and waste. The amount of plastic waste generation in 2010 was reported by the Pollution Control Department (PCD). This amount of plastic waste generation is from municipal solid wastes which are collected by the municipality in Thailand. It does not include agriculture waste, Ewaste, construction and furniture waste, and automobile waste. Plastic Intelligence Unit Website (2012) presented the amounts of plastic product in each type e.g., agriculture, electronic and electrical devices, automobile, furniture and construction. These kinds of plastic products have long lifespan, so the assumption is sometimes used to complete the plastic waste flow. There are four assumptions which were used in the material flow and described as below: Agriculture product: 50% of agriculture plastic will become wastes Electronic and electrical product: 5% of electronic and electrical plastic will become wastes Construction and furniture product: 5% of construction and furniture plastic will become wastes Automobile product: 5% of automobile plastic will become wastes Finally, the total amounts of plastic waste generation from plastic consumption process were calculated from the aggregate of plastic waste from each source (PCD, agriculture, E-waste, automotive, and construction and furniture). However, this amount is only the total plastic waste generation which consists of thermoplastic (PWP) and thermosetting wastes (PWS). The assumption of thermosetting waste generation was considered to fulfill the number of thermoplastic waste generation flow. The assumption is 1% of total plastic waste is thermosetting waste generation. The actual amount of thermosetting waste generation must be deducted with the amount of uncollected thermosetting wastes before filling the number into PWS flow. The actual amount of thermoplastic waste generation must be deducted with the amount of thermosetting waste generation (1% of total plastic waste) and the amount of uncollected thermoplastic waste before filling the number into PWP flow. 109
Table A-2 Details of parameters and calculation method for plastic consumption process (continued) Parameter Calculation UC The uncollected waste is the waste which is not collected by municipalities to dispose or recycle, so this amount of uncollected waste is expanded to the environment. According to PCD (2013), the waste collection efficiency is 80%, and 20% is uncollected wastes. The assumption is 20% of thermoplastic and thermosetting wastes is not collected to dispose or recycled. The actual amount of uncollected waste can be calculated by aggregating uncollected thermoplastic wastes and thermosetting wastes. The uncollected wastes are usually stocked in the environment. IPW2 The amount of plastic wastes from other industries. This amount is from the packaging wastes, damaged products from the plastic industry and these wastes are the plastic packaging of raw materials in the other industries (e.g., plastic sacks, trays molds). The amount of industrial plastic waste generation is presented in PCD report. The assumption is 50% of industrial plastic waste generation. Stock 2 The amount of stock means that amounts of plastic products are stocked in plastic consumption process. This amount was calculated automatically by STAN software. Collection and transportation There are plastic wastes which are inputted to collection and transportation processes. Outputs of this process include exported wastes, plastic wastes for recycling, disposing plastic wastes at landfill and municipal incineration, and distribution of undisposed wastes to the environment. Figure A-3 Collection and transportation process 110
Page 1 and 2:
Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6:
List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8:
4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9 and 10:
PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 11 and 12:
Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
Page 13 and 14:
4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16:
Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18:
2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20:
Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22:
2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24:
5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26:
process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28:
Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30:
product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34:
2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36:
3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38:
Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40:
There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42:
2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44:
For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46:
(DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48:
3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50:
3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54:
Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56:
questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58:
From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60:
Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62:
12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64:
From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66:
Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99 and 100: of them. For example, one individua
Page 101 and 102: Local administrative bodies are als
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 121 and 122: Table A-4 Details of parameters and
Page 123 and 124: Table A-6 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
Page 151 and 152: 2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
Page 153 and 154: This shop does not buy foam, plasti
Page 155 and 156: (a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
Page 157 and 158: c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
Page 159 and 160: matters/dust. This shop is a stable
Page 161 and 162: Washing and drying process are oper
Page 163 and 164: C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
Page 165 and 166: silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
Page 167 and 168: Residue wastes are produced about 1
Page 169 and 170:
C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
Page 171 and 172:
Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
Page 173 and 174:
3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
Page 175 and 176:
Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
Page 177 and 178:
Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
Page 179 and 180:
networks. This project is not widel
Page 181 and 182:
C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
Page 183 and 184:
4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
Page 185 and 186:
6. Environment issues and observati
Page 187 and 188:
C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
Page 189 and 190:
fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
Page 191 and 192:
ates and desorption inside capillar
Page 193 and 194:
Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
Page 195 and 196:
Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
Page 197 and 198:
D.2 Calculation of the material flo
Page 199 and 200:
Table D-2 Details of calculation of
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
Page 217 and 218:
E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
Page 219 and 220:
Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
E.4 The estimation of imported and
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
show all

Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?