Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introduction Significant increase of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is one of the main environmental issues in both of developed and developing countries. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization are the causes of increasing solid wastes. Solid wastes which are not disposed properly will cause water and air pollution. The solid waste is also the one issue which causes global warming. Greenhouse gases (GHG) which are contributed by the waste combustion become the one major cause of global warming. Thus, the solid waste must be managed and disposed correctly to protect the environment and human life. The plastic is the one material which is much used as products in many applications such as packaging, construction, electronic and electrical appliances, housewares, automobile, etc. The plastic packages are produced and consumed more because their products are flexible and lighter than glass and metal products. Thai people used 975 million bottles/year of PET bottle and 2,880 million bottles/year of PE bottle in 2007 (TIPMSE, 2013). In 2008, they consumed 70 kg/capita/year or around 4.44 million tonnes/year (PTIT, 2008). Moreover, they also used 2.18 million tonnes/year of plastic bag (carrier bag) or around 5,000 million bags/year in 2011 (FPRI, 2011). After consumption, these plastics become wastes which must be properly managed. In Thailand, 15.98 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) was generated in 2011 or around 43,799 tonnes/day. The amount of plastic waste generation was 1.84 million tonnes/year (12%) out of which plastic recycling was 29% in 2011 (PCD, 2011). Bangkok generated 9,237 tonnes/day out of which the plastic waste generation was 2,300 tonnes/day (25%) (GWF, 2013). Plastic wastes become one of the major problems of solid waste management in Thailand. Most of plastic wastes are disposed at landfill sites, and plastic wastes require 3 times of areas in landfills as compared with food wastes because they are durable and resist to compaction. The plastic lifespan is more than 100 years, so the government must prepare the free space at landfill sites for plastic waste disposal. Waste reduction, reuse, and recycling are methods to solve environmental impacts and MSW management problems. 3R policy is the one method to solve plastic waste problems. There were many projects related to 3R policy in Bangkok that are done by producers, consumers, central government, and local governments, but these projects are not sustainable because people do not practice and continue projects without rewards or scheme promotions. According to the environmental management plan in 2012-2016, the waste management target is that the percentage of waste recycling will increase 30% within 2016. The 3R policy is promoted to reduce the amount of waste generation and improve much the material recycling, composting, and waste to energy. The Plastic Institute of Thailand stated that the biodegradable plastic will be produced as the “Green Product” within 2015 followed by the environmental management plan in 2012-2016. The biodegradable plastic can be degraded easier than normal products, but it will be the one factor which increases the plastic consumption and plastic wastes. Nevertheless, this product is not economical for buyers because the cost is higher than conventional plastics. 1
Plastic wastes are mostly recycled into pelletizing as raw materials for plastic manufactures (e.g. PET, PP, PE) because they make money and require low investment costs. There are many oil recovery plants that use landfilled plastic wastes to produce fuel oil for vehicles (PE and PP waste). These recycling are not suitable to solve the impacts from plastic wastes because the recycled products require post-treatment, and the recycling process also releases much pollution. Therefore, feasible technologies and policies for plastic recycling have to be carried out for the future planning works of plastic waste management. This study aims to identify and quantify the material flow of plastics in Thailand. The clear representation of various processes and flows of plastic waste gives an account of which particular sub-processes to be focused in terms of making a management decision to improve overall plastic waste management. The current situation and issues of plastic waste management problems and possibilities of improvement in plastic recycling and recovery had been analyzed from the perspectives and suggestions from the relevant stakeholders. Finally, the scenarios of plastic waste management are proposed through improved recycling rate by appropriate technology, policy, and financial measures. 1.2 Objectives of Study The objectives of this study are: 1.2.1 To identify and quantify the stocks and flows of plastic in Thailand, and present the overview of existing status of plastic waste management in Thailand 1.2.2 To analyze the roles, responsibilities and characteristics of relevant stakeholders and their contribution in plastic waste management. 1.2.3 To propose the priority scenarios of plastic waste management based on the material flow and stakeholder analysis. 1.3 Scope and Limitations of the Study This study illustrates the status of plastic waste generation and management practices in Thailand, however, considering the practicalities the field visits Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) has been chosen for field visits. Case of BMA is also important because the metropolitan areas like BMA typically generates more volume of plastic wastes, and has many of the plastic recycling activities (junk shops, waste banks, recycling units-both formal and informal sectors), occurring within its jurisdiction. Methods of the study involved secondary research, and primary data collection through field visits and interview with relevant stakeholders as in plastic manufacturers, informal and formal waste shops, plastic recycling facilities, as well as consumers, policymakers, officials from BMA office, and other related government organizations, private institutions and associations. The quantification of plastic flow and stock is based on the material flow analysis (MFA) result, which considered a set of assumptions and a system boundary. 2
Page 1 and 2: Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
Page 7 and 8: 4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
Page 9: PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
Page 13 and 14: 4R principle includes recovery, rec
Page 15 and 16: Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
Page 17 and 18: 2. Injection molding: First, the pl
Page 19 and 20: Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
Page 23 and 24: 5. Housewares: This kind of product
Page 25 and 26: process usually involves two steps,
Page 27 and 28: Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
Page 29 and 30: product from gas into liquid. The p
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
Page 33 and 34: 2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
Page 35 and 36: 3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
Page 37 and 38: Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
Page 39 and 40: There are 0.25 million workers in r
Page 41 and 42: 2. Collecting and recording the inf
Page 43 and 44: For example, if the stakeholder has
Page 45 and 46: (DENR). A pilot collection program
Page 47 and 48: 3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
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12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
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From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
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Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
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Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
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Similarly, some recycling factories
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Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
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50% of agricultural products was co
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Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
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From Figure 4.26, the material flow
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future is the same as current situa
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From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
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The one issue of plastic waste segr
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Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
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From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
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sectors by the government organizat
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industrial waste incineration of ea
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4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
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of them. For example, one individua
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Local administrative bodies are als
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was presented, and the percentage o
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5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
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11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
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References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
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Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
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Plastic Waste Management Institute.
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Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
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Table A-1 Details of parameters and
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A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
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Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
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- What is the knowledge that the wa
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2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
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4. Environmental, law, policy, and
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B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
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B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
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3. Production process information a
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B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
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B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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