Evaluation of Plastic Waste Management in Thailand Using Material ...

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and promoting the investment on this kind of plastics. The packaging industry is the biggest plastic production to supply the food and beverage industries in both of country and Asian countries. PIT and TPIA also support to increase the biodegradable plastic production in Thailand. Similarly the petrochemical industry increased the bio-plastic resins from 10,000 tonnes of bio-plastic resin in 2010 to 75,000 tonnes of bio-plastic resin in 2013. Plastic Consumption Stakeholders Plastic consumers or waste generators are the main stakeholders of this process because they consume plastic products and then generate plastic wastes depending on their consumption pattern and behaviors. For example, people may help to reduce the amount of plastic waste generation by refusing plastic bags or reuse plastic products. Packaging plastic wastes are generated in communities, department stores, minimarts (seven-eleven shops), and markets. According to field survey, of the 100 households interviewed, 90% respondents said they use a plastic carry bag only once and throw it as litter, whereas according to FPRI (2011), 50% of packaging plastics was also used once before disposal in 2011 (FPRI, 2012). One of the most widely used plastic products is plastic carry bag. On an average, 2-3 plastic bags per day were thrown. Even though people were aware of the recycling possibility of grocery bags and/or milk bottles, they were not willing to collect such plastic waste saying their lifestyle (living standard) did not support waste collection. They also lack space to store large volume of plastic bottles. Thus, they felt easy to throw every plastic package to waste bins. Consumers who used recycled plastic products claimed they were satisfied to use recycled products and biodegradable plastics, but they do not know the actual difference between conventional products and recycled and bio-plastic products. A label on plastic products that reads “this bag is degradable” was the only way for them to differentiate between bioplastic and conventional plastic. The respondents were ready to use bio-plastics instead of conventional products if there saw a specific label on bio-plastic products, and such products were easily available at an affordable rate Non-government organizations (NGOs) sometime support the plastic waste management by sharing information on the plastic waste reduction and separation. Nevertheless, they sometime opposed plastic to waste projects.. Green World Foundation and Thailand Environment Institute (TEI) are the information sharing stakeholders. They shares articles regarding to global warming, illegal waste dumping, plastic wastes from plastic bags, green products, and environmental news. Waste collection and transportation stakeholders The local administration has a responsibility to provide waste collection and disposal services. This organization can provide drop-off centers for separated recyclable wastes. They also provide mixed plastic separation training for interested groups such as waste generators and collectors. The simple waste collection services which are provided by the municipalities include waste bins and waste collection trucks. Moreover, the local administration also has a responsibility to dispose collected wastes as proper as possible. 91
Local administrative bodies are also authorized to issue rules and regulations that helps in reduction and recycling of plastic waste generated in its area. There are two different government organizations e.g. policy and planning organizations and environmental organization. MNRE, PCD, and Ministry of Energy are the policy and plan organizations. They provide policies and plans regarding to plastic waste management in Thailand such as the alternative energy development plan in 2012-2021 (DEDE, 2013), the national environmental quality control plan in 2012-2016 (MNRE, 2013), and the plastic and foam reduction projects in 2004 (PCD, 2004). MNRE provides budgets, environmental laws/policies, and waste management knowledge for local administrations and private sectors. PCD can be both of policy and environmental organization because it provides guidelines on waste recycling, waste disposal, and pollution control. It also sets the environmental standards to force polluters, especially plastic industry and recycling sectors. Moreover, it stimulates plastic consumers to follow the 3Rs principle through plastic waste reduction and separation projects. TIPMSE is the environment organization under the Federal of Thailand Industries (FTI). This organization concerns on the amount of packaging waste generation and recycling activities in Thailand. It provides budgets, recycling markets and information on waste sorting and recycling for waste pickers, and waste scavengers. It supports the waste picker networks, garbage banks in schools and communities. Moreover, it also cooperates with private companies who use packaging products in their companies such as Coca Cola Ltd., Co., Unilever Ltd., Co., ThaiBev Public Company Limited, Nestle Ltd., Co., Dutch Mill Ltd., Co., etc. TIPMSE stated that the plastic waste management is not good now due to lack of incentives for reduction of plastic waste generation and recycling. The government organizations do not support any money, and project to improve the plastic waste management in Thailand. The one goal of TIPME is increase 25% of recycling rate in Thailand within 5 years. Waste collector networks are the successful projects of TIPMSE, especially the Zero Baht Shop, school garbage banks, and community waste bank. Moreover, TIPMSE supports a center’s post, a jacket, a member identification card, and license plate for Saleng tricycle (waste pickers) for the unity including tools needed in the profession such as gloves, a surgical mask, a reflector and weight apparatus. TIPMSE trains and advises the center management, and it supports fundamental regulations training and knowledge on hazardous materials for Saleng members. It helps waste pickers to register their status at police station, and it also register the waste shop from the Pauper Bank to Zero Baht Shop. It makes the name “Zero Baht Shop” as a license of TIPMSE. Private sectors for this process consist of waste shops, inventors, waste pickers, landfill/transfer station scavengers, waste traders, garbage banks, and waste collector networks. Waste pickers and landfill/transfer station scavengers collect recyclable plastic wastes to sell at waste shops. The results of interview of waste pickers presented the waste pickers are the profitable jobs. They have to follow the strict legislation such as waste picking time of municipality for them. They collect only the main types of recyclable plastics such as PET, HDPE, 92
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Evaluation of Plastic Waste Managem
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Abstract Rapid increase in the usag
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List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1
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4.7 Percentage of municipal solid w
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PETE Polyethylene Terephthalate PIT
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Plastic wastes are mostly recycled
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4R principle includes recovery, rec
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Table 2.2 Codes, characteristics of
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2. Injection molding: First, the pl
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Vacuum forming: A vacuum is formed
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2.2.3 Uses of plastic Figure 2.11 C
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5. Housewares: This kind of product
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process usually involves two steps,
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Refuse Derived Fuel in Thailand The
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product from gas into liquid. The p
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Figure 2.24 Coke oven chemical feed
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2.3.3.2 Re-melted to make products
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3. Chapter 7 on penalties It should
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Adjust system Problem Definition Sy
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There are 0.25 million workers in r
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2. Collecting and recording the inf
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For example, if the stakeholder has
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(DENR). A pilot collection program
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3.2 Study Area Seven provinces name
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Sample Size The sample groups w
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.4 Initial flow of plastic
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.1 Details of Needed Informa
Page 55 and 56: questionnaires, interview, field ob
Page 57 and 58: From Table 3.2, the stakeholders we
Page 59 and 60: Institute Foundation (FPRI) made a
Page 61 and 62: 12%, 10%, and 7% respectively. The
Page 63 and 64: From Figure 4.5, this figure shows
Page 65 and 66: Plastic 17% Paper 8% Metal 2% Glass
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.9 BMA waste collectors Fig
Page 69 and 70: Similarly, some recycling factories
Page 71 and 72: Figure 4.21 Material flow of plasti
Page 73 and 74: 50% of agricultural products was co
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4.25 Recycling and plastic t
Page 77 and 78: From Figure 4.26, the material flow
Page 79 and 80: future is the same as current situa
Page 81 and 82: From Figure 4.28, total plastic pel
Page 83 and 84: The one issue of plastic waste segr
Page 89 and 90: Most municipal plastic wastes (37%)
Page 91 and 92: From Figure 4.33, the revenue from
Page 93 and 94: sectors by the government organizat
Page 95 and 96: industrial waste incineration of ea
Page 97 and 98: 4.4.1. Lists of stakeholders and th
Page 99: of them. For example, one individua
Page 103 and 104: was presented, and the percentage o
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusio
Page 107 and 108: 11. A simple revenue-expenditure an
Page 109 and 110: References BBC News. (2008). Plasti
Page 111 and 112: Jinran, Z. (2011). Ban on free plas
Page 113 and 114: Plastic Waste Management Institute.
Page 115 and 116: Treewijitkasam, P. (2013). Understa
Page 117 and 118: Table A-1 Details of parameters and
Page 125 and 126: A-2: Harmonized System Code Table A
Page 127 and 128: Table A-11 Characteristics of stake
Page 135 and 136: - What is the knowledge that the wa
Page 137 and 138: 2.5 Who do you buy plastic wastes f
Page 139 and 140: 4. Environmental, law, policy, and
Page 141 and 142: B.3 Questionnaire for Household Dat
Page 143 and 144: B.4 Questionnaire for Plastic Recyc
Page 145 and 146: 3. Production process information a
Page 147 and 148: B.5 Questionnaire for Waste picker/
Page 149 and 150: B.6 Checklists for waste collector
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2.8 Which kinds of plastic products
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This shop does not buy foam, plasti
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(a) Non-stored bottles 146 (b) Undi
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c) Plastic pellet sack Figure C-6 S
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matters/dust. This shop is a stable
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Washing and drying process are oper
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C.2 Case study from oil recovery pl
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silicate clay, natural clay, metal-
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Residue wastes are produced about 1
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C.3 Case study from zero baht shop
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Figure C-24 Newspaper Figure C-26 M
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3. Activities of Zero Baht Shop On
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Zero Baht Shop depending on the tot
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Figure C-37 Lecturer of the project
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networks. This project is not widel
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C.4 Case study from Sai Mai transfe
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4. Categorizing of waste Waste from
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6. Environment issues and observati
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C.5 Technology Park of Chulalongkor
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fractions. It utilizes the heat fro
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ates and desorption inside capillar
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Appendix D Material Flow Analysis D
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Table D-1 Amounts of plastic waste
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D.2 Calculation of the material flo
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Table D-2 Details of calculation of
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Table D-3 Percentage of industrial
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E.3 Calculation of plastic flows in
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Table E-3 Details of each flow of s
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E.4 The estimation of imported and
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