Sustainable US Biofuels Expansion - Faap

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produção da CONFERÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL DE
BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS.
CHUM, Helena. A indústria de biocombustíveis: expansão
sustentável nos Estados Unidos. In: CONFERÊNCIA
INTERNACIONAL DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS, 2010, São Paulo.
Apresentações (Painel IV). São Paulo: Faculdade de
Engenharia - FAAP, 2010.
Outline
1. Sustainable Biofuels – The thresholds
– Challenges and Opportunities
– Examples of EPA’s Results
2. Biofuels Technologies and Systems Progress
3. Biofuels part of agriculture and forestry systems,
along with the recurrent and end of life products use
– Food, Feed, Fiber, biomass, bioenergy, and ecosystems
services and land use need integrated systems
approaches
3
Sustainable
US Biofuels Expansion
Conferencia
Internacional de
Biocombustiveis
Dr. Helena Chum
NREL Fellow
FAAP
Sao Paulo, Brazil
May 28, 2010
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC
EISA Mandated Production Targets
15 BGY [57 billion liters/yr] cap
on conventional (starch) biofuel
Renewable Fuel
Standard (RFS)
in the Energy 2022
Independence
and Security Act 2015
(EISA) of 2007
2012
EPAct
2005
2012
2010 EPA biofuels proportions:
8.25% renewable fuel
0.61% advanced biofuel
1.10% biomass-based diesel
0.004% cellulosic biofuel
Advanced Biofuels
(include cellulosic biofuels other
than starch-based ethanol)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Production Targets (Billions of Gallons)
Ethanol & Biodiesel Conventional (Starch) Biofuel Biodiesel
Cellulosic Biofuels Other Advanced Biofuels
EISA defines Cellulosic Biofuel as “renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or
lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions…that are at least 60 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”
EISA defines Advanced Biofuel as “renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch,
that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions…that are at least 50 percent less than baseline
lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions.”

Multiple Simultaneous Advances in Technologies for
Feedstocks --- Conversion --- End Use
Goal: Drive towards an
economic integrated
multistep process
DuPont Danisco
Cellulose Ethanol
USDA Data: 5-fold increase since 1940
Can industry reach these yields?
80 new hybrids in 2010

Exploring Routes to Convert Biomass
Feedstock
Production
& Logistics
• Energy
crops
• Forest
Residue
• Agricultural
wastes
• Algae
Integrated Biorefineries
Biochemical Conversion
Pretreatment &
Conditioning
Distillation
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Sugars Fermentation
Enzyme
By-Products
Production
Wastes/Residue
Thermochemical Conversion
Upgrading
Fast Liquid Zeolite Cracking
Pyrolysis Bio-oil Hydrogenolysis
Gasification Syngas
Lipid (Oil)
Extraction
Algal
Oil
Fischer Tropsch
Alcohol Synthesis
Transesterification
Upgrading
R E F I N I N G
Research on multiple conversion pathways aims to improve the
efficiency and economics of biofuels production.
DDGS (corn)
Lignin
(for power)
Ethanol
Butanol
Olefins
Gasoline
Diesel
Others
Program Areas & Key Challenges
Feedstock
Systems
– Diverse regional
biomass
resources
– Yield & price
– Water & fertilizer
– Land use
– Metrics &
standards
Sustainability
Research & Development Demonstration & Deployment
Conversion Technologies
Biochemical
– Cost & Efficiency
• Pretreatments
• Enzymes/yields
– Fermentation
Thermochemical
– Cost & Efficiency
– Gasification Process
– Fuel Stabilization
• GHG emissions
• Water quality
• Land use
• Socioeconomics
Integrated
Biorefineries
– Integrating
process
technologies
– Financing
– Technical
expertise
– Profit potential
Product Development
− Fuel purity & cost
− By-products/markets
− Infrastructure compatibility
Major DOE Biofuels Project Locations
Pacific Ethanol
(Boardman, OR)
Nov ozymes
(Dav is, CA)
Genencor
(Palo Alto, CA)
Ceres, Inc
(Thousand Oaks, CA)
Verenium Corp (2)
(San Diego, CA)
BlueFire Ethanol
(Mecca, CA)
Eight Small-Scale Biorefinery Projects
Four Commercial-Scale Biorefinery Projects
Four Improved Enzyme Projects
Emery Energy
(Salt Lake City, UT)
Five Projects for Fermentation Organisms
Five Thermochemical Syngas Projects
DOE Joint Solicitation Biomass Projects
Five Thermochemical Bio-Oil Projects
Six University Conversion Projects
Montana State University
(Bozeman, MT)
Lignol
(Grand Junction, CO)
Abengoa
(Hugoton, KS )
Cargill Inc
(Minneapolis, MN)
Flambeau Riv er
(Park Falls, WI)
NewPage
(Wisconsin Rapids, WI)
Poet
(Emmetsburg, IA)
Office of Science Bioenergy
Centers
DOE Great Lakes, Madison, WI
DOE Joint Bioenergy Institute, Berkeley,
CA
DOE Bioenergy Science Center, Oak
Ridge, TN
Univ ersity of Minnesota
(Minneapolis, MN)
Iowa State (3) Univ ersity
(Ames, IA)
UOP, LLC
(De s Plaines, IL)
Infrastructure
– Transport
– Storage
– Codes &
Standards
(Blend wall)
– Demand/
markets
– Compatibility
• Predictive Modeling
• International
Purdue Univ ersity (2)
(West Lafaye tte, IN)
Alltech
Env irofine
(Washington
County, KY)
Southern Research
Institute
(Birmingham, AL)
Mascoma
(Kinross, MI)
Gas Technology Institute
(Des Plaines, IL)
Verenium Biofuels Corp.
(Jennings, LA)
Georgia Tech
(Atlanta, GA)
Range Fuels
(Soperton, GA)
Mascoma
(Lebanon, NH)
Univ ersity of Georgia
(Athens, GA)
Univ ersity of Maine
(Orono, ME)
Regional
Partnerships
South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR
RSE Pulp &
Chemical, LLC
(Old Town, ME)
Cornell Univ ersity Univ ersity of Mass
(Ithaca, NY)
(Amherst, MA)
GE Global Research
(Niskayuna, NY)
Stevens Institute of
Technology
(Hoboken NJ)
Univ eristy of
Toledo
(Toldeo, OH)
Virginia Tech
(Blacksburg, VA)
DSM Innovation Center
(Parsippany, NJ)
Dupont
(Wilmington, DE )
Research Triangle Institute (2)
(Research Triangle Park, NC)
Modified 10/1/2008

Key Recent Accomplishments and Deliverables
EPACT Section 932 “Commercial-Scale” Biorefineries
DOE investments in cellulosic biofuels will accelerate commercialization
and help create a biofuels market based on non-food feedstocks.
Performers
Poet
Emmetsburg, IA
Range Fuels
Soperton, GA
Abengoa
Hugoton, KS
Bluefire
Fulton, MS
Feedstock
Type
Corn Cob
Corn Fiber
Woody
Waste
Agricultural
Residue
Conversion
Technology
Fuel Type Status
Biochemical Ethanol Engineering and construction in
progress. Cobs feedstock
infrastructure set up
Gasification + Mixed
Alcohol synthesis
Mixed
alcohols
Engineering and construction in
progress.
Biochemical Ethanol NEPA EIS process initiated. Corn
stover infrastructure set up
Sorted MSW Biochemical-
Concentrated Acid
Hydrolysis
Ethanol Lease and NEPA issues being
resolved.
Key Recent Accomplishments and Deliverables
Demonstration-Scale Biorefineries: FY08 Award One, Under Negotiation
Alltech-Envirofine
Washington County, KY
Lignol Innovations
Grand Junction, CO
Mascoma
Upper Peninsula, MI
NewPage
Wisconsin Rapids, WI
Pacific Ethanol
Boardman, OR
RSA
Old Town, ME
Performers Feedstock Type
Verenium Biofuels Corp.
Jennings, LA
Flambeau River Biofuels LLC
Park Falls, WI
Corn Cobs, Corn
Fiber
Conversion
Technology
Biochemical-Solid
State Fermentation
Woody Biomass Biochemical-
Organisolve
Ethanol
Ethanol
Woody Biomass Biochemical Ethanol
Woody Biomass
- Mill Residue
Wheat Straw,
Stover, Poplar
Residuals
Woody Biomass
- Mill residues
Energy Cane and
Bagasse
Forest residues
and wood waste
Thermochemical-
Fischer-Tropsch
Biochemical-Biogasol Ethanol
Biochemical-Pentose
Extraction
Biochemical Process Ethanol
Thermochem to
Fischer-Tropsch
Fuel Type
Fischer-Tropsch liquids
To be determined
Fischer-Tropsch liquids
Pilot Plant, Scotland, South Dakota
Key Stakeholder Relationships
Regional Biomass Energy Feedstock Partnership Bioenergy Crop Trials
In 2008, the Biomass Program, Sun Grant Initiative universities, and USDA selected, and
in some cases established the first round of replicated field trials of corn stover
removal and dedicated herbaceous energy crops.
This map shows
the selected
locations and
types of crops.

DOE
Office of
Science
Advanced
Feedstock &
Conversion
Technologies

Grand Challenge: Next-Generation Bioenergy Crops Center Strategies
• GLBRC – Engineer “model” plants and potential energy crops to produce new forms of lignin and more
starches and oils, which are more easily processed into fuels.
• JBEI – Enhance lignin degradation in “model” plants by changing cross-links among lignin subunits;
improve deconstruction and subsequent fermentation by altering linkages between lignin and other cellwall
components; translate genetic developments to switchgrass.
• BESC – Decrease or eliminate harsh chemical pretreatments by engineering plant cell walls in poplar
and switchgrass to be less recalcitrant; simultaneously increase total biomass produced per acre.
Grand Challenge: Discovery and Design of Enzymes and Microbes with Novel
Biomass-Degrading Capabilities Center Strategies
• GLBRC – Identify combinations of enzymes and pretreatment needed to digest specific biomass types;
express biomass-degrading enzymes in the stems and leaves of corn and other plants.
• JBEI – Develop new ionic liquid pretreatments that can completely solubilize and fractionate biomass
components; improve performance and stability of enzymes obtained from the rainforest floor and
other environments; engineer, through directed evolution, highly efficient cellulase enzymes.
• BESC – Screen natural thermal springs to identify enzymes and microbes that effectively break down
and convert biomass at high temperatures; understand and engineer cellulosomes (multifunctional
enzyme complexes for degrading cellulose).
Grand Challenge: Development of Transformational Microbe-Mediated Strategies
for Biofuel Production Center Strategies
• GLBRC – Start with an ethanol-producing microbe and add lignocellulose-degrading capabilities to
substantially reduce costs.
• JBEI – Connect diverse biological parts and pathways to create entirely new organisms that produce
fuels other than ethanol; engineer organisms to produce and withstand high concentrations of biofuels;
derive useful chemical products from lignin degradation.
• BESC – Start with a lignocellulose-degrading microbe and add ethanol-producing capabilities to
substantially reduce costs; develop a knowledgebase and pathway analysis tools to aid this manipulation.
Chum, 12/2009 Chum, 12/2009

Chum, 12/2009
NSF. 2008. Breaking the Chemical and Engineering Barriers to Lignocellulosic Biofuels: Next Generation Hydrocarbon
Biorefineries. Ed. George W. Huber, University of Massachusetts Amherst. National Science Foundation. Chemical,
Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems Division. Washington D.C. 180 p.
http://www.ecs.umass.edu/biofuels/Images/Roadmap2-08.pdf
Chum, 12/2009

Chum, 12/2009
Chum, 12/2009
Summary
• Promises
– Increased Understanding from Advances in Science and
Engineering Leading the Possibility of Designed Systems
– Recognized the Need for Integration of Technologies along the
Supply Chain, Systems and Uses – Buying Down Risk
• Challenges
– Technology Development and Learning Curves - timing
– Uncertainties and Risks – Financial, Regulatory, Security…
– Complexity of systems, families of technologies, multiplicity of
choices with no clear winner
• Innovation and Leadership
– Required for the Development of Integrated Sustainable Biomass
Systems

37
Update on EPA RFS2
Type of Model Example Explanation
General equilibrium models represent the
whole economy and the main interactions
between economic sectors of a single
region or multiple regions.
Partial equilibrium models give a detailed
description of a specific economic sector.
Optimization models aim to allocate
resources by maximizing or minimizing an
objective function, generally an economic
objective function of profit or utility.
Agent-based models focus on the
simulation of actors’ decisions
System Dynamics models simulate timedependent
phenomena such as land-use
change and account for feedbacks in the
system
GTAP Global Trade Analysis Project model, a multi-region, multi-sector, computable
general equilibrium model that estimates changes in world agricultural
production. Maintained through Purdue University, GTAP projects international
land use change based on the economics of land conversion. Website:
https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/default.asp
FAPRI Integrated Food and Agricultural Policy and Research Institute with the
international models, as maintained by the Center for Agricultural and Rural
Development (FAPRI-CARD) at Iowa State University. Website:
http://www.fapri.iastate.edu/
FASOM Forestry and Agriculture Optimization Model (FASOM) of Texas A&M University
with a much more detailed economic description of the agriculture and
forestry sector. Website: http://agecon2.tamu.edu/people/faculty/mccarlbruce/FASOM.html
Carnegie- Linking global and local dynamics and modeling indirect land use change from
Stanford Biofuels biofuel demand (e.g., simulate sugarcane expansion dynamics in the Brazilian
project
agricultural frontier) .Work presented at Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels,
Sao Paulo, November, 2008.
http://cgse.epfl.ch/webdav/site/cgse/shared/Biofuels/Regional
%20Outreaches%20&%20Meetings/LUC%20Workshop%20Sao%20Paulo/
Presentations%20day%202/Fernandez.pdf
STELLA-based
SheehanBoyce
The Systems Thinking Experimental Learning Laboratory with
Animation (STELLA) simulate the biofuel production chain in the
U.S. accounting for land in the feedstock-production phase and the
greenhouse-gas emissions from indirect land-use changes.
http://www.bio.org/letters/CARB_LCFS_Sheehan_200904.pdf
Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) GREET Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation
Model, developed by Argonne National Laboratory. Website:
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/

EPA, 2010, Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2)
Regulatory Impact Analysis, EPA-420-R-10-006,
February 2010,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420r10006.pdf
CARB, 2010. January 10, 2010, FINAL REGULATION ORDER,
Subchapter 10. Climate Change, Article 4. Regulations to
Achieve Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Subarticle 7.
Low Carbon Fuel Standard,
http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2009/lcfs09/lcfs09.htm
For information on current DOE Biomass
Program Activities see:
http://www.obpreview2009.govtools.us/review/
Support from the DOE Office of the Biomass Program is
greatly acknowledged
Helena.Chum@nrel.gov.
Visit us online at www.nrel.gov .
National Renewable
Energy Laboratory
Operated Innovation for the U.S. for Department Our Energy of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle
Future