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3.3 Weeds, pests and diseases 3.3.1 Weeds The low competing ability and late closure of the sugar beet crop makes weed management mandatory. The wide range of European weeds present in beet crops include Aethusa cynapium, Agropyron repens (couch-grass), Atriplex patula (common orache), Alopecurus myosuroides (black grass), Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimpernel), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodium album (fat hen), Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Equisetum arvense (common horsetail), Euphorbia helioscopia (sun spurge), Fumaria officinalis (fumitory), Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier), Galium aparinum (cleavers), Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium purpureum (red deathnettle), Matricaria chamomilla (wild chamomille), Mercurialis annua (Annual mercury), Papaver rhoeas (corn poppy), Poa annua (annual meadow-grass), Polygonum convolvulus (black bindweed), Polygonum aviculare (knotgrass), Polygonum persicaria (redshank, ladysthumb), Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard, charlock), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Sonchus arvensis (perennial sowthistle), Sonchus oleracea (annual sowthistle), Stellaria media (chickweed), Urtica urens (small nettle), Veronica hederifolia (Ivy-leaved speedwell), Veronica persica (field speedwell), Viola arvensis (field pansy), B. vulgaris (weed beet), Solanum tuberosum (volunteer potatoes), Brassica napus (volunteer oilseed rape) and cereal volunteers. Typical weeds for the individual EU member states are presented in Table 5. Table 5: Sugar beet – main European weeds (Sources: a ITB, b Beta Italia, c IRS; d SJT; e AIMCRA; f KBIVB; g <strong>information</strong> provided by EuropaBio member companies) Zone Member State Main weed species A North B Centre Denmark - Estonia n/a Finland d Agropyron repens; Bidens tripartite; Chenopodium album; Fumaria officinalis; Galeopsis speciosa; G. tetrahit; G. bifida; Galium spurium; Lamium hybridum; L. rubrum; L. amplexicaule; Lapsana communis; Matricaria/Trileurospermum inodora; Polygonum aviculare; Polygonum/Fallopia convolvulus; Polygonum lapathifolium; Polygonum amphibium; Polygonum hydropiper; Stellaria media; Viola arvensis Latvia n/a Lithuania - Sweden - Austria - Belgium f Aethusa cynapium; Atriplex spp.; Chamomilla recutita; Chenopodium quinoa; Conium maculatum; Echinochloa crus-galli; Fumaria officinalis; Mercurialis annua; Polygonum aviculare; Raphanus raphanistrum; Sinapis arvensis; Solanum nigrum; Viola arvensis; volunteers of rapeseed and cereals; Amaranthus retroflexus; Bilderdykia convolvulus; Galium aparine; Alopecurus myosuroides; Avena fatua; Lolium spp.; Poa spp.; Elytrigia spp. Czech Republic - Germany g Aethusa cynapium; Chenopodium album; Galium aparine; Matricaria chamomilla; Mercurialis annua; Persicaria spp.; Polygonum spp.; Veronica spp.; Viola arvensis; volunteer rapeseed; thistles Hungary - Ireland n/a Luxembourg n/a Page 14 of 66
Zone Member State Main weed species C South the Netherlands c Poland - Romania - Slovakia - Slovenia n/a the United Kingdom n/a: not applicable -: no data available 3.3.2 Pests Bulgaria n/a Cyprus n/a Aethusa cynapium; Agropyron repens; Alopecurus myosuroides; Atriplex patula; Calystegia sepium; Capsella bursa-pastoris; Chenopodium album; Chenopodium spp.; Convolvulus arvensis; Digitaria ischaemum; Digitaria sanguinalis; Echinochloa crus-galli; Festuca rubra; Fallopia convolvulus; Galium aparine; Geranium spp., Lamium purpureum; Lolium spp.; Matricaria chamomilla; Mercurialis annua; Poa annua; Polygonum spp; Ranunculus arvensis; Setaria viridis; Solanum nigrum; Sonchus arvensis; Stellaria media; Urtica urens and Viola arvensis - France a Aethusa cynapium; Amaranthus spp.; Ammi majus, Atriplex spp.; Brassica napus; Chenopodium spp.; Digitaria sanguinalis; Fallopia convolvulus; Fumaria spp.; Galium spp.; Matricaria chamomilla, Mercurialis spp.; Panicum spp.; Persicaria maculosa; Polygonum aviculare; Setaria spp.; Sinapis spp.; Solanum nigrum; Veronica spp. Greece - Italy b Abutilon theophrasti; Amaranthus spp.; Ammi majus; Bidens spp.; Chenopodium spp.; Cirsium arvense; Erba medica; Fallopia convolvulus; Matricaria chamomilla; Polygonum spp. and Xanthium spp. Malta n/a Portugal n/a Spain e Amaranthus retroflexus; Anagallis arvensis; Chenopodium album; Echinocloa crus-galli; Fumaria spp.; Lamium amplexicaule; Medicago orbicularis; Papaver rhoeas; Polygonum aviculare; Rumex spp.; Solanum nigrum; Solanum physalifolium; Sonchus asper; Torilis nodosa A listing of sugar beet pests is provided in Table 6. Young seedlings may be attacked by soil pests such as millipedes (Blaniulus guttlatus), beet stem eelworms (Ditylenchus dipsaci), wireworms (Agriotes spp.), beet flea beetle (Chaetocnema tibialis), the beet leaf weevil (Tanymecus palliates) and springtails (Sminthurus viridis). The importance may differ from region to region. Among Coleoptera, wireworms are reported to cause damage in all European regions. Seed treatments may prevent damage. Sap sucking pests like aphids (Aphididae) induce curling of the leaves and can severely inhibit growth. They also are the vector organisms for virus yellows. Two types of viruses can cause the disease: Beet Yellowing Virus (BYV) and Beet Mild Yellowing Virus (BMYV). Upon infection the leaves turn pale and then yellow between the veins. The leaves progressively thicken and become brittle. Among the nematodes the white beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) and the yellow beet-cyst nematode (Heterodera betae) are important. H. schachtii causes wilting of the plants and retarded Page 15 of 66
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Sugar beet cultivation in Europe
Page 7 and 8: The distribution of sugar beet prod
Page 9 and 10: Table 2: Sugar and fodder beet acre
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Beet type 2010 20
Page 13: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 17 and 18: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 19 and 20: Zone Member State Main diseases C S
Page 21 and 22: Figure 4: Distribution of BNYVV (so
Page 23 and 24: cytoplasm. For CMS to be expressed,
Page 25 and 26: Zone Member State Insecticide (% of
Page 27 and 28: On water erosion sensitive soils it
Page 29 and 30: Not only are the requirements of a
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Sowing dates Seed
Page 33 and 34: Zone Member State Treated area (% o
Page 35 and 36: Active ingredient HRAC classificati
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Insecticides (% o
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Fungicides (% of
Page 41 and 42: The Sixth Environment Action Progra
Page 43 and 44: As an example to show the necessity
Page 45 and 46: Zone Member State Region C South To
Page 47 and 48: -: figure not available *: As data
Page 49 and 50: Table 20: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Zone Member Irrigation methods Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Irrigation sourc
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State C South 2010 2009
Page 59 and 60: 7 References The following table pr
Page 61 and 62: Crop Research Institute http://www.
Page 63 and 64: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LALLF M-V),
Page 65 and 66:
akkerbouw en vollegrondsgroenten. P
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