Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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Zone Member State Main pest species Occurrence Mode of control France a, e, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Widespread and a, f regularly Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Widespread and a, f occasionally Helicoverpa armigera Mythimna unipuncta Regionally and a, f rare - - Ostrinia nubilalis Widespread and a, f regularly Scotia segetum - - Sesamia nonagrioides Widespread and a, f regularly Greece - - Italy N a, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Widespread and a, f regularly Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Widespread and a, f regularly Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Widespread and a, f occasionally Helicoverpa armigera Widespread and a, f occasionally Ostrinia nubilalis Widespread and a, f regularly Sesamia nonagrioides Regionally and a, f rare Portugal e Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. - - Spain NE a -: no data available Lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis - - Sesamia nonagrioides - - Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Widespread and a, f occasionally Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Widespread and a, f occasionally Helicoverpa armigera Mythimna unipuncta Widespread and a, f occasionally Ostrinia nubilalis Widespread and a, f regularly Sesamia nonagrioides Seed treatment - - Trichogramma f Pyrethroids a Deep ploughing, diflubenzuron, pyrethroids a Granular insecticides in soil a Crop rotation, early a, i planting, insecticides - - Deep ploughing, early sowing; λ-cyhalothrin, alphamethrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin a - Seed treatment a Seed treatment a - Sporadically a Insecticide spray a Widespread and a, f regularly Deep ploughing, Btvarieties a Deep ploughing, Btvarieties a Page 40 of 64
Integrated pest management (IPM) promotes the use of different techniques in combination to control pests efficiently, with an emphasis on methods that are least injurious to the environment and most specific to the particular pest (Endure, 2009). For example as a preventative measure, the harvest residuals are crushed and deeply ploughed in regions where corn borer is present. 5.2.3 Disease management Fungi are mainly tackled by seed treatment (see 0 -: no data available Seed treatment). Foliar fungicides are not very often sprayed. Ustilago maydis, a pathogenic plant fungus causing the maize smut disease, cannot be treated chemically, the use of resistant plant material remaining the most effective and practical control method. 5.2.4 Plant Protection Products The placing on the market of plant protection products is regulated by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 22 . Whereas the active substance is approved at EU level, the actual plant protection products (formulations) are authorised at Member State level and the authorisation includes details of each authorised use. Potential environmental impacts already addressed by that Regulation include impact on non-target species and the likelihood of resistance development. A plant protection product must -among other aspects- not have any unacceptable effects on plants or plant products; and have no unacceptable effects on the environment, having particular regard to its fate and distribution in the environment, its impact on non-target species and its impact on biodiversity and the ecosystem. In addition to management measures, the holder of an authorisation for a plant protection product is also required to monitor and to report annually to the competent authorities of the Member States which authorised the plant protection product if the holder has any <strong>information</strong> available relating to the lack of expected efficacy, the development of resistance and to any unexpected effect on plants, plant products or the environment. Any agricultural development that would include a change in the use of a crop protection product, will need to fulfil the requirements imposed by this legislation and will be evaluated in line with similar products by the relevant competent authorities. The Sixth Environment Action Programme and the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides, adopted by the Council and Parliament for the period 2002-2012, aims towards a healthier environment. Amongst the objectives are the reduction of the levels of harmful active substances used, in particular by substituting the most dangerous with safer alternatives, and the promotion of low-input or pesticide-free cultivation. This resulted in the 2009/128/EC Framework Directive 23 establishing the framework to achieve a sustainable use of pesticides by reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment and promoting the use of integrated pest management and of alternative approaches or techniques such as non-chemical alternatives to pesticides. This Directive obliges the Member States to adopt National Action Plans (NAPs) by 14 December 2012 to set up measures to implement Community legislation and to achieve individual objectives. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a key element in the NAPs. The use of disease and pest resistant or tolerant varieties, may add substantially to the implementation of IPM by farmers. Examples of pesticide-use reduction programmes include: - Denmark launched its first pesticide-use reduction programme in 1986. In 2000 the second pesticide action plan began. It aimed to reduce pesticide use to attain a treatment frequency index (TFI) of 1.7. This target indirectly remains in a new pesticide action plan (Agreement on green growth, 2009) which is part of a wider action plan. For 2010-15 the indicator TFI is slightly changed and now also includes organic cultivated land. The new target is a modified index (pesticide impact index) of 1.4 by 2013. 22 Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. 23 Directive 2009/128/EC of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides, OJ L309, 24.11.2009, p.71-86 Page 41 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27 and 28: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 29 and 30: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

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