Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
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In France and Spa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia n<strong>on</strong>agrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera:<br />
Noctuidae) causes additi<strong>on</strong>al ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage. Between 2 and 4 milli<strong>on</strong> ha maize <strong>in</strong> Europe suffer<br />
from ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage due to <strong>the</strong>se corn bor<strong>in</strong>g pests. O<strong>the</strong>r Lepidoptera from <strong>the</strong> family Noctuidae<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude cutworms (Agrotis spp.) and <strong>the</strong> cott<strong>on</strong> bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), which cause<br />
problems more <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> central and sou<strong>the</strong>rn countries.<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g Coleoptera, wireworms (Agriotes spp., Elateridae) are reported to cause damage <strong>in</strong> all<br />
European regi<strong>on</strong>s. The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeC<strong>on</strong>te), a chrysomelid<br />
beetle that is c<strong>on</strong>sidered most destructive for maize producti<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> USA with crop losses up to<br />
90%, caused ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage <strong>in</strong> Hungary and o<strong>the</strong>r central and eastern European countries.<br />
Diabrotica v. virgifera was first detected <strong>in</strong> Europe <strong>in</strong> 1992 and has been <strong>in</strong>vad<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>t<strong>in</strong>ent.<br />
Populati<strong>on</strong>s of this pest have established <strong>in</strong> southwest Poland, southwest Germany and <strong>the</strong> Po Valley<br />
(see Figure 4). Populati<strong>on</strong> management <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fested areas as well as eradicati<strong>on</strong> programs <strong>in</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>s<br />
where populati<strong>on</strong>s have not been established, (e.g. <strong>in</strong> Germany, France and <strong>the</strong> UK) help to delay <strong>the</strong><br />
spread of this pest. Ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage rema<strong>in</strong>ed low until 2007, but yield losses of about 2–3% were<br />
estimated at nati<strong>on</strong>al level for Italy <strong>in</strong> 2009. Wesseler & Fall 5 assess <strong>the</strong> potential damage costs of <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong>vasive species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeC<strong>on</strong>te (Dvv.) <strong>in</strong> Europe under a ‘no c<strong>on</strong>trol’ scenario.<br />
They project ec<strong>on</strong>omic benefits of c<strong>on</strong>trol range between 143 milli<strong>on</strong> Euro <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> best case and 1739<br />
milli<strong>on</strong> Euro <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> worst case scenario.<br />
Sap suck<strong>in</strong>g pests, like aphids (Aphididae) and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), as well as <strong>the</strong> frit fly<br />
(Osc<strong>in</strong>ella frit L.) cause limited ec<strong>on</strong>omic damage, despite be<strong>in</strong>g widespread and regularly occurr<strong>in</strong>g<br />
all over Europe. O<strong>the</strong>r pests of regi<strong>on</strong>al importance <strong>in</strong>clude armyworms such as Pseudaletia<br />
unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diptera species such as Delia platura (Meig.), Geomyza<br />
spp. and Tipula spp., Coleoptera species such as Oulema melanopus L., Glischrochilus<br />
quadrisignatus (Say), Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. and Melol<strong>on</strong>tha melol<strong>on</strong>tha L., spider mites<br />
(Tetranychus spp.) and thrips (Thysanoptera).<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce 2005, problems with Lepidoptera pests <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g S. n<strong>on</strong>agrioides, H. armigera and Agrotis spp.<br />
were observed to <strong>in</strong>crease (Meissle et al., 2010). It has been speculated that populati<strong>on</strong>s may have<br />
been expand<strong>in</strong>g because of warmer climatic c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. With <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased cultivati<strong>on</strong> of maize, O.<br />
nubilalis populati<strong>on</strong>s have been expand<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce 1965 <strong>in</strong> Central, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn and Eastern Europe.<br />
Unlike Diabrotica v. virgifera, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r pest species rema<strong>in</strong>ed fairly c<strong>on</strong>stant, even though <strong>in</strong>creases<br />
may have occurred <strong>in</strong> some regi<strong>on</strong>s with favourable c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s (soil, ra<strong>in</strong>fall, cropp<strong>in</strong>g sequence, etc.).<br />
One such example is <strong>the</strong> wireworm Agriotes sordidus, which <strong>in</strong>creased <strong>in</strong> France.<br />
Table 5: Maize – ma<strong>in</strong> European pests <strong>in</strong> specific regi<strong>on</strong>s (N: north, NE: nor<strong>the</strong>ast) (Sources: a<br />
Endure; b Afdel<strong>in</strong>g Duurzame Landbouw<strong>on</strong>twikkel<strong>in</strong>g – ADLO; c Maiskomitee; d FSE; e<br />
EuropaBio member company; f Meissle et al., 2010)<br />
Z<strong>on</strong>e Member State Ma<strong>in</strong> pest species<br />
A<br />
North<br />
Denmark a, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.<br />
Est<strong>on</strong>ia<br />
Diptera: Osc<strong>in</strong>ella frit<br />
Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.<br />
Sternorrhyncha: Aphids<br />
F<strong>in</strong>land -<br />
Latvia<br />
Lithuania<br />
Sweden -<br />
B Austria -<br />
-<br />
-<br />
-<br />
5 J. Wesseler & E. H. Fall (2010) Potential damage costs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera <strong>in</strong>festati<strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe – <strong>the</strong> ‘no c<strong>on</strong>trol’ scenario J. Appl. Entomol. 134, 385–394<br />
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