Energy efficiency and Demand Side Management Program ... - Eskom

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6.1 Evaluation Marking System Development Following the assessment methods suggested above, all the necessary aspects will be considered and prioritised in such a way that a sustainable solution could be suggested. The use of a decision matrix that incorporates the above four major aspects of any energy efficiency project and an analysis of this matrix according to the various indicators of the POET structure are highly suggested. The matrix should include several indicators from each of the four important aspects to be considered. 6.1.1 Engineering Aspects Table 1 shows such a matrix for the evaluation of engineering aspects of a program. Technical issues within a program will be evaluated by one or more of the T, E, O, P indicators in terms of the impact from the program. For instance, the energy consumption before and after the program and the expected/actual saving, the percentage of renewable energy added in the energy system or grid, etc., can be evaluated by purposely selected POET indicators. A score will be given for each of the evaluated items, using a fixed indicator. Weighting factors will be determined for each of the evaluation indicators to indicate the preference or importance of such indicators in the evaluation. The subtotal score for engineering aspects will be the sum of all the products of the scores and the corresponding weighting factors. An example is provided in Appendix 2 to further illustrate this evaluation process. The program evaluator can select a number of POET indicators for evaluation, and then either give the corresponding scores for items evaluated, or design a number of Yes/No questions to ask and determine the corresponding scores according to the Yes/No answers. Note that existing M&V guidelines provide enough technical details in the evaluation of the energy or power indicators in different scenarios, therefore, the details of the program evaluation from engineering aspects can follow the general guidelines and techniques in references [3], [4], and [6], and the evaluators can design flexibly the evaluation criteria according to these general guidelines and the specific program needs. Engineering aspects Technology Equipment Operation Performance Technical issues of a program (e.g. processes of energy auditing, planning, and targeting; methodologies; etc.) Items which might be considered in scoring (e.g. pre‐ and post‐ implementation data and impact from the program (savings, etc.)) Scores (out of 100) Weighting factors (in percentage) Subtotal score Feasibility; Life cycle cost; Energy transfer /transmitting /converting ratio Specifications; Maintenance; etc. Table 1 Program evaluation from engineering aspects 12 Sizing; Matching of system components; Energy/power consumption; Energy carrier/source; Energy safety; Reporting; Project organisation
6.1.2 Environmental Aspects Environmental aspects of the program can be evaluated similarly as the engineering aspects, which are set out in Table 2. Issues can be evaluated including air, water, atmosphere, biodiversity/ecosystem degradation, and land use amongst others. Each issue will be evaluated by certain criteria from properly chosen POET related indicators. For example, the criteria to evaluate air can be the emissions of NOx and SOx, particulates, NMVOCs, heavy metals including mercury, radio nuclides, etc. Each criterion can be further broken down in terms of P, O, E, T indicators in case that the program stakeholders need these detailed evaluations. For instance, the emission of NOx and SOx can be considered from the POET perspective such as the amount of emissions (P); the interactions of the NOx and SOx emission with other system components including CO2, production, energy consumption, etc. (O); the absorption process and equipment for NOx and SOx (E); and the mechanism which cause the NOx and SOx emission and the relevant technology adopted to reduce or absorb the NOx and SOx emission (T). Similarly, for the evaluation criteria of other issues such as water and atmosphere the POET indicators can be applied again. Program evaluators need to choose evaluation criteria which meet best the purpose and content of a program. The following are examples of evaluation criteria. Evaluation criteria for water cover direct water consumption of plant, water use in fuel chain, contamination at plant and in fuel chain including acid mine drainage (AMD) to aquifers; Evaluation criteria for atmosphere can cover greenhouse gas (GHS) emissions in the entire production cycle (including fuel chain, transport of fuel or sorbent as well as uranium processing and enrichment done in South Africa); Evaluation criteria for biodiversity or ecosystem degradation will be land degradation (land pollution via air or water is not double counted here, e.g. acid rain involves additional impact of SOx and NOx, beyond air pollution impacts on human health); and degradation of water catchments (including wetlands; impacts on sensitive ecosystems and species); Evaluation criteria for land use will consider footprint of plant (e.g. in the project area of in wind farms , turbines and access roads have a footprint about 5% ‐10% of the total project area and solar farms could accommodate agricultural activity); footprint of fuel supply including land for mining (while eventual rehabilitation is a theoretical possibility, other productive utilisation is precluded for a substantial period). Note that an environmental impact assessment needs to consider cumulative impacts of the factors evaluated in the energy system, while those factors which do not have cumulative impacts can be ignored. Visual, noise and dust pollution are not included as they do not accumulate in the same way as impacts considered above, they are much more site‐specific and visual impact is highly subjective; it is considered that such impacts will be adequately covered by Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plans, and do not serve for significant differentiation amongst technology or scenario options. Note further that some programs focus only on electrical energy savings, and usually the energy consumption will be a performance indicator to evaluate these programs. These programs also have positive impacts to the environment and the reduced CO2, SOx, and NOx can be calculated from the amount of energy saved, thus these emission indicators should not be double counted in the corresponding program evaluation. There are also programs with the only purpose of emission reduction. For these programs, the performance indicators such as the amount of CO2, SOx and NOx emitted into the air will play a key role in the evaluation and thus are highly weighted in calculating the scores, while the energy consumption indicator will play a less important role and will be weighted much less. For programs which focus on both the energy saving and emission reduction, 13
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