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Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije

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IV-Usm-6 ZBORNIK ABSTRAKATA III KONGRESA GENETIÈARA SRBIJE 95<br />

Subotica, 30. novembar - 4. decembar 2004.<br />

OPLEMENJIVANJE PŠENICE NA OTPORNOST PREMA<br />

NISKIM TEMPERATURAMA<br />

N. Hristov i N. Mladenov<br />

Nauèni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad<br />

Otpornost prema niskim temperaturama od velikog je znaèaja u proizvodnji pšenice. To<br />

se posebno istièe u godinama kao što je bila 2002/03, kada su znaèajne površine pod<br />

itaricama izmrzle. Spuštanjem temperature ispod –10°C bez snega, javlja se opasnost od<br />

ošteæenja lisne mase. Ukoliko golomrazica traje due od 48 èasova, a temperatura se<br />

spusti ispod –15°C, moe doæi i do izmrzavanja èvora bokorenja, èak i kod tolerantnih<br />

genotipova. Imajuæi u vidu stalni napredak u oplemenjivanju biljaka, u ovom radu je<br />

analizirano 23 sorte pšenice iz razlièitih etapa oplemenjivanja. Testiranje je izvršeno u<br />

hladnim komorama na temperaturi –15°C u trajanju od 24, 36, 48 i 60 èasova. Sve sorte<br />

su podeljene u tri grupe u zavisnosti od godine priznavanja. U prvoj grupi, u kojoj se<br />

uglavnom nalaze introdukovane sorte, procenat preivelih biljaka na svim tretmanima<br />

iznosio je u proseku 91%. Utvrðeno je da se u okviru ove grupe, sorte meðusobno<br />

razlikuju po otpornosti na niske temperature u zavisnosti od porekla. U drugoj grupi, koju<br />

èine domaæe sorte koje su gajene na velikim površinama 70-ih godina, procenat<br />

preivelih biljaka iznosio je 90,8%. Ovaj podatak ukazuje da je i kod domaæih sorti<br />

postignut izuzetan napredak u pogledu ovog svojstva. Treæu grupu èine sorte novijeg<br />

datuma, koje ujedno predstavljaju i aktuelni sortiment novosadskih sorti pšenice. Kod<br />

ovih sorti, otpornost prema niskim temperaturama se nalazi na nivou prethodne grupe,<br />

pri èemu je procenat preivelih biljaka iznosio 89,2%. U procesu oplemenjivanja vano<br />

je zadrati odreðena svojstva na zadovoljavajuæem nivou, a pri tome unaprediti pre svega<br />

ekonomski vana svojstva, kao što su prinos i kvalitet, što je upravo i ostvareno kod sorti<br />

koje se trenutno nalaze u proizvodnji.<br />

WHEAT BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO LOW TEMPERATURE<br />

Resistance to low temperature is important in wheat production, especially in years such<br />

as 2002/03, when winterkill occurred at a large acreage. When temperature drops below<br />

–10°C and there is no snow blanket, leaf mass becomes prone to damage. If such conditions<br />

persist longer than 48 hours and the temperature drops below –15°C, tillering nodes<br />

may freeze even in the case of tolerant genotypes. Twenty-three wheat cultivars from different<br />

breeding cycles have been tested for reaction to exposure to the temperature of<br />

–15°C for 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours. The cultivars were divided in three groups, in dependence<br />

of year of registration. In the first group, consisting mostly of introduced cultivars,<br />

the average percentage of survival in all treatments was 91%. The cultivars in this group<br />

were found to differ in resistance to low temperature in dependence of origin. In the second<br />

group, consisting of the domestic cultivars commercially grown in the 1970’s, the<br />

percentage of survival was 90.8%. This was an indication that the domestic breeding program<br />

had been quite successful with regard to this trait. The third group comprises new<br />

cultivars, those which are currently in the domestic commercial production. Their resistance<br />

to low temperature was 89.2%, at the level of the second group. In breeding process<br />

it is important to maintain certain traits, such as yield and quality, at an appointed level.<br />

This has been fully achieved with the cultivars from the third group.

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