Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije

I-Uvo-2 ZBORNIK ABSTRAKATA III KONGRESA GENETIÈARA SRBIJE 9
Subotica, 30. novembar - 4. decembar 2004.
BIODIVERZITET DOMESTICIRANIH IVOTINJA
S. Jovanoviæ, Ruica Trailoviæ i Mila Saviæ
Katedra za stoèarstvo i genetiku, Fakultet veterinarske medicine, Beograd
Uprkos velike raznovrsnosti ivotinjskog sveta samo èetrdesetak vrsta je domesticirano i
gaji se u cilju zadovoljenja potreba razlièitih potreba èoveka. Domesticirani animalni
biodiverzitet predstavlja spektar genetièke raznovrsnosti, koji ukljuèuje preko 6000
razlièitih rasa od kojih svaka ima posebne karakteristike i namenu. Zbog intenzifikacije
stoèarske proizvodnje tokom poslednjih vekova su selekcionirane specijalizovane, visokoproduktivne
rase, koje potiskuju manje selekcionirane autohtone rase, tako da je samo
u poslednjih 50 godina preko 65% rasa u svetu postalo ugroeno, a mnoge su išèezle.
Autohtone rase domaæih ivotinja, nastale u toku dugotrajnog procesa evolucije, dobro
prilagoðene datim uslovima gajenja, mogu u buduænosti predstavljati vaan izvor varijabilnosti
za poboljšanje otpornosti visokoproduktivnih rasa. Zbog toga je u okviru prouèavanja
i zaštite globalnog biodiverziteta, koje koordinira FAO i UNEP, ukljuèeno i
prouèavanje i zaštita animalnih genetskih resursa gajenih vrsta ivotinja, koji mogu biti
znaèajni u obnavljanju domesticiranog genofonda. Kljuèni element strategije oèuvanja
animalnih resursa predstavlja genetièka karakterizacija rasa u cilju dobijanja kompletne slike
genetièke varijabilnosti unutar svake vrste domaæih ivotinja. Opšte prihvaæeno mišljenje je
da se merenjem genetske distance obezbeðuju trenutno najbolje informacije, koje omoguæavaju
rangiranje rasa u okviru vrste. Zahvaljujuæi brzom razvoju tehnike za mapiranje i
izolaciju gena, upotreba animalnih genetskih resursa u buduænosti æe biti zasnovana na
identifikaciji gena koji su u vezi sa specifiènim fenotipskim karakteristikama.
DOMESTIC ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY
Although, the degree of diversity of animal species is extensive, only around 40 species
had been domesticated and used to fullfill different human needs. Domesticated animal
biodiversity represents a broad spectrum of genetic differences distributed among over
6000 breeds of domesticated mamals and birds, each representing a unique set of genes.
The intensification of animal production during the last centuries gave force to the selective
breeding which resulted in the development of specialised, highly-producing breeds. The
interest to breed less productive autochthonous breeds compared to high-producing ones is
lost and the trend of erosion of genetic diversity is global. Only in last 50 years arround
65% of catalogized breeds became endangered or vulnerable, and some are already extinct.
Autochthonous breeds of domestic animals have resulted during long evolution directed
by human demands and adaptation to the local environment, environmental changes and
chalenges. Therefore they can serve as the source of variables for improvement of resistance
in highly-selected breeds in unpredictable selective chalenges in future. This was
the reason that introduced the evaluation and protection of the domesticated gene pool
into the programme of the protection of the global biodiversitz coordinated by UNEP and
FAO. The genetic characterization of the separate breeds in aim to fullfill tha data of genetic
variability within each domesticated species is the key element of the conservation
strategy. The wide accepted oppinion is that most comparable data can be obtained by
evaluation of the genetic distance among breeds. Due to the development of the techniques
for genetic mapping and isolation of the genes, one of the uses of domestic animal
resources in the future would be based upon identification of the genes which are linked
to favourable phenotypic character.