Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije

IV-Uvo-4 ZBORNIK ABSTRAKATA III KONGRESA GENETIÈARA SRBIJE 87
Subotica, 30. novembar - 4. decembar 2004.
ORGANSKO OPLEMENJIVANJE BILJA
J. Berenji
Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad
Propisi koji regulišu oblast organske proizvodnje navode posebne zahteve prema semenu
i sadnom materijalu. Na ovaj naèin certifikacija organskih proizvoda je striktno
uslovljena pridravanjem zahteva prema semenu i sadnom materijalu. Upotreba
genetièki modifikovanih (transgenih) sorti kao i primena savremene biotehnolgije u
oplemenjivanju bilja je zabranjena, osim upotrebe genetièkih markera u selekciji. U
praksi organske proizvodnje se razlikuju tri faze po pitanju sorti i soznog semena. U
prvoj fazi (koja je zvanièno trajala do 1. januara 2004) bila je dozvoljena upotreba
sortnog semena bilo koje sorte stvorene konvencionalnim putem ukoliko je takvo seme
umnoavano bar jedne godine (kod višegodišnjih vrsta dve godine) u organskim
uslovima. U drugoj fazi, koja je sada aktuelna, javlja se zahtev da se uz umnoavanje i
samo odravanje sorte vrši u organskim uslovima najmanje tri godine. Treæa faza æe
zahtevati da se koriste samo tzv. organske sorte koje su nastale u procesu organskog
oplemenjivanja bilja. Neki od najvanijihh genetièkih principa organske proizvodnje su:
(1) da farmeri sami mogu umnoavati sortno seme za svoje potrebe (s tim u vezi ostalo je
otvoreno pitanje statusa F1 hibrida koje je nemoguæe dalje umnoavati bez gubitka
genetièkog identiteta hibrida); (2) postojanje genetièke varijabilnosti unutar sorte (u cilju
bolje adaptabilnosti i da se uspori širenje bolesti i štetoèina); (3) otpornost (po
moguænosti horizontalna) na bolesti i štetoèine; (4) razvijen i efikasan korenov sistem i
sposobnost potiskivanja korova.
ORGANIC PLANT BREEDING
The legislation that regulates organic agriculture enforces special requirements regarding
seed and planting material. Certification of organic produce is strict with respect to the
adherence to these requirements. Use of genetically modified (transgenic) varieties and
application of modern biotechnology, with the exception of the use of genetic markers
for selection, are prohibited in plant breeding. Organic production distinguishes three
phases that concern varieties and certified seed. In the first phase (which officially lasted
till 1 January 2004), it was permitted to use certified seed of any conventionally developed
variety if that seed had been multiplied for at least one year (two years in the case of
perennial species) in organic production. In the second phase, which is presently in due
course, variety multiplication and maintenance under organic conditions must last for at
least three years. The third phase will require an exclusive use of the so-called organic
varieties, those that shall have been developed in the process of organic plant breeding.
These are the major genetic principles of organic production: (1) farmers are permitted to
multiply their own seed (the question of F1 hybrids which cannot be multiplied without
the loss of genetic identity remains open); (2) genetic variability exists within the variety
(aimed at improved adaptability and slower distribution of diseases and pests); (3) resistance
(horizontal if possible) to diseases and pests; (4) well-developed and efficient root
system and capacity of weed repellence.