Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije
Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije
Zbornik - Društvo genetičara Srbije
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68 ZBORNIK ABSTRAKATA III KONGRESA GENETIÈARA SRBIJE III-Usm-1<br />
Subotica, 30. novembar - 4. decembar 2004.<br />
PRIMENA GENETIÈKOG ININJERINGA KOD<br />
OTPORNOSTI BILJAKA PREMA PATOGENIMA<br />
Jelena Boškoviæ 1 , eljana Prijiæ 1 i M. Boškoviæ 2<br />
1 Megatrend univerzitet primenjenih nauka, Beograd<br />
2 Poljoprivredni fakultet, Novi Sad<br />
Genetièki ininjering najavljuje novu eru za nauènike, koji se bave istraivanjem<br />
odravanja zdravih biljaka, sa optimalnim prinosima useva i minimalnom primenom<br />
pesticida. Nauènici iz celog sveta istrauju biohemijsku prirodu i vanost biljnih reakcija<br />
prema patogenima i njihovom razvoju. Geni otpornosti kod biljaka i oni koji su<br />
odgovorni za reakcije otpornosti, identifikuju se i ininjeringom prenose u biljne vrste u<br />
cilju njihove zaštite prema patogenima. Odreðivanje ovih gena stvara moguænosti za<br />
postepeno vrednovanje njihovih specifiènih uloga i vanosti u reakciji patogeneze prema<br />
parazitima upotrebom transgenih biljaka, koje su dobijene tehnikom genetièkog<br />
ininjeringa. Poslednje primenjene tehnike molekularne biologije kod biljaka i genetièki<br />
ininjering za studije interakcija domaæina i patogena su rezultirale za identifikacije<br />
kloniranja brojnih gena ukljuèenih u reakciju odbrane biljaka posle infekcije sa<br />
patogenima. To obuhvata gene sa ekspresijom proteina, peptida ili antimikrobnih<br />
jedinjenja koji su direktno toksièni prema patogenima. Genetièki produkti neposredno<br />
spreèavaju proizvode virulentnosti patogena ili podstièu strukturalne gene odbrane, koji<br />
direktno ili indirektno aktiviraju opšte reakcije odbrane biljke, i gene otpornosti kod<br />
hipersenzitivnih reakcija u interakcijama sa avirulentnim faktorima. U ovom radu se<br />
pregledno iznose ostvareni rezultati kod korišæenja širokog spektra kloniranih gena u<br />
poveæanju otpornosti prema gljiviènim patogenima i virusima u transgenim biljkama i<br />
upuæuju na buduæa osporovanja i perspektive. Koncept programiranog izumiranja æelija<br />
(PCD) i fitoaleksini imaju posebnu ulogu kod razjašnjenja molekularne osnove induciranih<br />
reakcija odbrane biljke od patogena.<br />
APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING<br />
IN RESISTANCE TO PLANT PATHOGENS<br />
Genetic engineering ushers in new era for plant scientists working tomaintainhealthy<br />
plants, optimize crop yields, and minimize pesticide usage. Scientists from all over the<br />
world are investigating the biochemical nature of, and the signals involved in, a plants reactions<br />
to pathogens invasion and pathogens development. Plant resistance genes and<br />
genes involved in resistance reactions are being identified an engineered into crop plants<br />
to protect them against plant pathogens. The identifications of these genes have made it<br />
possible to subsequently evaluate their specific roles and importance in disease response<br />
pathways using transgenic plants developed with genetic engineering techniques. Recent<br />
applications of technique in plant molecular biology and genetic engineering to study of<br />
host pathogen interactions have resulted in the identifications on cloning of numerous<br />
genes involved in the defense responses of plants following pathogen infection. These include<br />
genes that expresses proteins, peptides or antimicrobial compounds that are directly<br />
toxic to pathogens. Genes products directly inhibit pathogen virulence products or<br />
enhance plant structural defense genes, that directly or indirectly activate general plant<br />
defense response, and resistance genes in the hypersensitive response and in the interactions<br />
with avirulence factors. In this paper is reviewed advances made in utilizing a broad<br />
range of cloned genes to enhance disease resistance against fungal pathogens and viruses,<br />
in transgenic plants and address future challenges and prospect. The concept of<br />
programmed cell death (PCD) and phytoalexins played a special role in the molecular basis<br />
of inducible defense reactions