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Scenario results The high electricity consumption for primary aluminium production results in a strong influence of the electricity generation on the CO2 emissions, as shown by figure 6. Thanks to the almost complete absence of process CO2 emissions, the bipolar electrode cell benefits more from a low electricity emission factor than Hall- HJroult does. The difference between primary and secondary routes is much smaller in case of a low electricity emission factor. A shift from the current Hall-HJroult cell to the Bipolar cell, accompanied by a zero electricity emissions factor, would mean an eight-fold reduction within primary production. In the same circumstances, a shift to secondary production means a thirty-fold reduction of CO2 emissions. Reduction Potential of the Sector The intermediate factor two reduction goal is attainable for steel, even with unfavourable external conditions. The CO2/t 8 6 4 2 0 Aluminium production CO2 emissions hall_heroult bipolar secondary Production route 0 t CO2/GJe 0.1 t CO2/GJe MIDREX based production route nearly realises 50 % reduction relative to the standard BF150 route, with a high electricity emissions factor and low scrap addition; high scrap addition further lowers emissions, beneath the 50 % goal. A factor 2 reduction in aluminium production is only attainable with a low electricity emissions factor. On the long term, steel production can meet the factor 10 reduction goal, if external parameters are favourable. CO2 removal is essential to attain the factor 10 reduction without changing the ratio between primary and scrap based production routes. The electricity emission factor and the scrap addition rate may be helpful for further reduction of emissions, but their influence is mainly to change the relative order of the production routes. On the long term the required changes of the infrastructure to enable CO2 storage are very probably attainable, though a social acceptation of the storage in aquifers and empty natural gas fields may raise difficulties. Compared with steel, aluminium lags somewhat behind; within the primary production routes a factor 8 is attainable with a low electricity emissions factor. Further reductions of emissions require a shift to scrap based production. If this is not attainable, extra reductions in steel production may compensate the deficiency in aluminium. Besides external factors, internal factors are likely to influence the choice of a production route. Of the production routes with considerable reduction potentials, COREX and CCF based routes present a logical step for primary steel producers, while DRI based routes are entirely different from the current primary production structure. On the other hand, DRI based routes might be a logical step for the current scrap based producers. MIDREX, Circofer and CCF could be regarded as Asafe bets@ as they always result in emission reductions, regardless of external parameters, while COREX requires CO2 removal to realise reductions at all. The CCF route has the advantage of its low costs, even in the removal scenarios.
Table 6 CO2 emissions per tonne liquid steel for scenarios with regard to scrap use, emissions for power generation, and CO2 removal, compared with those of current primary production. removal CO2/ scrap BF150 BF250 COREX CCF MIDREX CIR ACEAF DCEAF no GJe 0.1 low 1.00 0.83 1.30 0.82 0.52 0.88 0.10 0.10 no 0.1 high 0.79 0.68 1.02 0.65 0.41 0.66 0.10 0.1 no 0 low 1.03 0.85 1.44 0.94 0.39 0.73 4E-3 0.04 no 0 high 0.81 0.67 1.14 0.74 0.28 0.52 4E-3 0.04 yes 0.1 low 0.51 0.35 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.10 0.10 yes 0.1 high 0.40 0.27 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.10 yes 0 low 0.47 0.26 0.17 0.12 0.05 0.04 4E-3 0.04 yes 0 high 0.37 0.21 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.03 4E-3 0.04 A low emission factor for electricity invariably implies a low emission factor for steam generation. A bold lettertype indicates the lowest emissions primary production route with the lowest emissions in a scenario. Light grey shading indicates an emission reduction factor between 2 and 10, compared with the base case BF150, dark grey shading indicates an emission reduction factor higher than 10 Because of the uncertainty in the reduction potential within the sector and its dependence on (partially) external parameters, it is still important to pay attention to other possibilities to reduce the emissions of the base metal sector. Moreover, changes outside the sector may help to reduce the necessity of expensive measures within the sector. Increase of recycling offers important possibilities to reduce the throughput through the energy extensive primary production routes. tonne CO2 per tonne steel 2 1.5 1 0.5 CO2 per tonne liquid steel Scrap based steel and emissions 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Share of scrap based production 0.1 t CO2/GJe, no removal 0 t CO2/GJe, no removal 0.1 t CO2/GJe, removal 0 t CO2/GJe, removal Current production Current emissions level Figures 7 and 8 show the relation between the share of scrap based production and the average CO2 emissions per tonne liquid steel and aluminium, respectively. Each line represents the average emissions per tonne of liquid metal in relation to the share of scrap based production. The primary and scrap based production routes have the lowest emissions for each senario. For steel, and even more so for aluminium, scrap based production offers important opportunities to reduce emissions. For steel a reversal of the current two thirds-one third ratio between primary and scrap based production would reduce the emissions by nearly a half, using current production technology. For aluminium, the reductions by scrap based production are even larger. However, very high recycling rates may require adjustments outside the base metal sector, because of the generally lower quality of scrap based metal. Current application of scrap based steel production is probably limited by an absolute scrap shortage, as Europe exports substantial amounts of scrap. In case of aluminium, the strong, continuing growth of consumption results in an absolute shortage of scrap; high recycling rates are only achievable after stabilisation of aluminium consumption. Then, new refinement technologies for scrap based Factor 2 Factor 10
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3 and 4: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
Page 5 and 6: N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILL
Page 7 and 8: history of use. The figure indicate
Page 9 and 10: Emission mitigation options The fol
Page 11 and 12: The contribution of the materials s
Page 13 and 14: [MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50
Page 15 and 16: What are the dynamics of the materi
Page 17 and 18: Material efficiency improvement for
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 First order estimate of e
Page 21 and 22: PET bottles normally are made out o
Page 23 and 24: To model the category boxes we will
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Pallets The last packaging cate
Page 27 and 28: they are not a result of the MARKAL
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
Page 31 and 32: or keep it fresh and their second c
Page 33 and 34: [33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
Page 37 and 38: ogy for igniting the engine, valve
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 gives an overview of improv
Page 41 and 42: Implementing growth of mobility dem
Page 43 and 44: Realising the 80% reduction potenti
Page 45 and 46: CO2 Emissions of Metal Production T
Page 47 and 48: tion routes that are important for
Page 49 and 50: From figures 4 and 5, CO2 removal e
Page 51: Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid
Page 55 and 56: DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
Page 57 and 58: Verslag van de workshop commentaren
Page 59 and 60: Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
Page 61 and 62: Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
Page 63 and 64: Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
Page 65 and 66: Metalen Referent dhr.de Jong, Hoogo
Page 67 and 68: Algemene vragen en forumdiscussie D
Page 69 and 70: 3 Wat voor problemen zouden we als
Page 71: ir. R. van Duin (Bureau B&G) drs.ir

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