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Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid steel for the production routes in scenarios with regard to scrap use, CO2
removal and the electricity emission factor
scrap removal CO2/
GJ
BF150 BF250 COREX CCF MIDREX CIR ACEAF DCEAF
L no 0.1 1.73 1.43 2.24 1.41 0.91 .52 0.16 0.17
L no 0 1.78 1.46 2.49 1.62 0.67 1.25 0.01 0.07
L yes 0.1 0.88 0.61 0.13 0.24 0.32 0.34 0.16 0.17
L yes 0 0.82 0.45 0.29 0.21 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.07
H no 0.1 1.36 1.17 1.77 1.12 0.70 1.14 0.16 0.17
H no 0 1.40 1.16 1.97 1.28 0.48 0.90 0.01 0.07
H yes 0.1 0.69 0.47 0.1 0.19 0.28 0.29 0.16 0.17
H yes 0 0.65 0.35 0.23 0.16 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.07
In the zero electricity emission factor scenarios, the emissions for steam generation are zero, too.
Table 4 Costs in ECU per tonne liquid steel for various scenarios with regard to scrap use and CO2 removal.
scrap removal BF150 BF250 COREX CCF MIDREX CIR ACEAF DCEAF
low no 155 142 149 124 197 165 173 174
low yes 176 162 193 152 200 170 173 174
high no 157 147 152 133 203 179 173 174
high yes 174 163 187 155 204 183 173 174
Table 5 Aluminium production routes
Type Production route Included processes
Primary Hall-HJroult Mining; Bayer-process; Hall-HJroult
Bipolar cell Mining; Bayer-process; Bipolar cell
Scrap based Scrap melting Scrap melting (& refining)
Aluminium Production
The aluminium production routes include two primary production routes and one scrap based. The primary
production routes include mining, alumina production [1,2] and electrolysis of alumina to aluminium. The
Hall-HJroult based electrolysis [1,2] uses carbon based electrodes, the consumption of which results in additional
CO2 emissions 8 . The bipolar cell [5] has the advantage of inert electrodes, which apart from the absence
of additional CO2 emissions, allow a far more efficient plant design. However, implementation of the bipolar
still faces severe technical problems. The scrap based production applies several energy sources for smelting of
the scrap.