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This analysis focuses on Western Europe (the 15 countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland). This region has been selected because it poses a relatively closed area from the point of view of material flows with high related GHG emissions [1] Large transboundary material flows complicate the analysis and complicate policy making. Figure 2 shows the contribution of individual categories of greenhouse gases in Western Europe. The areas in the figure are proportional to the emissions. The total emission is approximately 4259 Mt CO2 equivalents per year (1990/1995 reference year figures). The emissions that are not covered in this study are also indicated. This includes the agricultural emissions of CH4 and N2O, SF6 and HFCs. Figure 2 shows that CO2 constitutes the bulk of the GHG emissions. The CO2 emissions can be split into two sources: emissions that originate from the combustion of fossil fuels and emissions that originate from the decomposition of limestone. Cement clinker production and quicklime production are the main sources of the latter type of emission. The methane emissions can be split into three categories of a similar order of magnitude: deep coal mining, landfill sites, and agricultural emissions (from manure and from ruminants, not included in the analysis). N2O emissions can be split into industrial emissions (mainly production of adipic acid and production of nitric acid) and agricultural emissions (use of nitrogen fertilizers, not included in the analysis). Primary aluminium smelters are the main source of PFCs. The figure does not show important net biomass carbon storage in the increasing forest stock, in products, and in landfill sites. The total storage effect is approximately 300 Mt CO2 per year. This storage is not accounted for within the framework of the Kyoto agreement. Figure 2 does not show the relevance of foreign emissions for Western European consumption. For example methane leakages from Russian gas pipelines, emissions in the production of metals ores and emissions for tropical timber production are not accounted. The total net GHG emission from these sources for Western European consumption is approximately 100-150 Mt CO2 equivalents per year. On the other hand, Western Europe is an important exporter of materials and finished products. For example steel, machinery and scrap is exported in significant quantities. As a consequence, an emission of 50 Mt CO2 equivalents can be attributed to foreign consumers. The following study is based on an “end use” system boundary. All emissions related to the use of products in Western Europe are included, whether they arise within Western Europe or abroad. All emissions related to the production of materials in Western Europe that are net exported are excluded from the analysis (net export = export - import). Net exports of materials within products and net exports of waste materials are not valued in GHG-emission terms. One one hand, data are scarce, on the other hand the available data suggest that these flows are less relevant from a GHG emission point of view.
N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILLS/MINING CH4 AGRICULT. CO2 CARBONATES CO2 FOSSIL FUELS N2O AGRICULT. = NOT COVERED IN THIS STUDY Figure 2 Western European GHG emissions (area is proportional to the emission in 1995). Emissions that are not covered in this study are indicated Western European bulk material flows are quantified in [2. The related CO2 emissions have been derived from data for energy balances and process emissions [1] The materials system represents a CO2 emission of approximately 744 Mt CO2 per year, and additionally an emission of non-CO2 GHGs of 254 Mt CO2 equivalents per year (excluding carbon storage for biogenous materials). The production of less than 20 materials, characterised by their uniform production process, represents more than 75% of the greenhouse gas emissions for materials that are consumed within Western Europe. This paper focuses on the reduction of GHG emissions through changes in production, use, and waste handling of these materials. The following questions will be adressed: • What are the material flows in Western European where policies can have a significant greenhouse gas emission reduction impact ? • Which emission reduction options exist ? • Is it necessary to consider interactions of improvement options in the analysis ? • What are the dynamics of the materials system; is long-term planning possible and sensible ? • Must technological progress be considered in the analysis ? • To what extent can materials options reduce greenhouse gas emissions ? • How compare the costs of these materials related emission reduction options to the costs of energy related emission reduction options ? • Which materials strategies should be further developed (and which strategies not) ? Characteristics of the system from a GHG emission point of view A limited number of materials constitutes the bulk of the GHG emissions. Table 1 provides an overview of the most relevant categories.
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
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Page 9 and 10: Emission mitigation options The fol
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Page 13 and 14: [MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50
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Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
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Page 33 and 34: [33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
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DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
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Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
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Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
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Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
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