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In terms of implementation and policy our study shows a potential of about 20% is available to reduce the amount of packaging material and related CO2 emissions without large changes in consumer behavior or large changes in production methods. Furthermore much higher reductions can be reached with small behavioral changes. Packaging options of this type are the use of reusable and refillable packaging and the use of recycled materials. References [1] Abbott, R., 1995, The ultimate can, Packaging today, June 1996 [2] Anonymous, 1993a, Selection guidelines for pallets and slipsheets, Modern Materials Handling, Nov. 1993 [3] Anonymous, 1995, The role of PET, Plastics Bulletin. [4] Anonymous, 1996, European Glass Recycling in 1995, Glass Gazette, September 1996 [5] APME, 1992, Information system on plastic waste management in Western Europe; 1990 data, Brussels, Belgium. [6] APME, 1994, Information system on plastic waste management in Western Europe; 1992 data, Brussels, Belgium. [7] APME, 1996, Information system on plastic waste management in Western Europe; European overview; 1994 data, Brussels, Belgium. [8] Ayoup, R., The importance of the paper bag to the cement industry, World cement, January 1997. [9] Bührmann-Vromen Verpakking, 1997, Personal communication with BVV, 8 December 1997. [10] Burggraaf, 1997, Personal communication with Mr. Burggraaf, van der Windt verpakking, Honselersdijk, The Netherlands dd. 8 December 1997. [11] BUWAL, 1991, Oekobilanz von Packstoffen, Stand 1990, Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 132, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und landschaft (BUWAL), Bern, Germany [12] BUWALL, 1996, Okoinventare für Verpackungen, Band 2, Schriftenreihe umwelt n. 250/II, Bundesambt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern, Switzerland [13] BVV, 1995, Packaging Catalogue, Buhrmann-Vromen Verpakking, Zutphen, The Netherlands [14] Couwenhoven, E., 1992, Intergamma pakt consumenten- en transportverpakking aan, Verpakken. [15] Couwenhoven, E., 1996, Innovaties in melk- en vruchtensapverpakkingen nog niet ten einde, verpakkingsManagement, December, 1996. [16] 1992, Jaarverslag 1992, Comissie Verpakkingen, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, 1992 [17] Depijper, J., 1996, Milieu vriendelijke succesproducten, packaging 2000, [18] Donkers, 1997, AEP Borden Flexible Packaging Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, Personal communication, 9 December 1997 [19] Dijk, J., 1992, Supermarkt wil groenten en fruit in karton, Verpakken, Dec. 1992 [20] EC, 1997, Panorama of EU industry 97, European Commission DG III, Brussels, Belgium [21] Ent, J. van der, 1995, Glas niet stuk te krijgen, Missets pakblad, Juni 1995 [22] Ent, L. van der, 1995, Metalen verpakkingen lichter en lichter, Missets pakblad, December 1995 [23] Van der Ent, L., 1995a, Europese doorbraak SiOx lijkt in aantocht, Missets Pakblad, October 1995 [24] EU, 1994, Directive 94/62 on Packaging and Packaging Waste, European Union, Brussels, Belgium. [25] Gielen, D.J., 1997, Technology Characterisation for Ceramic and Inorganic Materials, Input data for Western European MARKAL, The Netherlands Energy research Foundation., Petten, The Netherlands [26] Goddard, R., 1994, Refined approach to loosing weight, packaging week, nov 10 1994 [27] Hekkert, M.P.,1995, “Energetische en Economische optimalisatie van de Nederlandse afvalverwerkingsstructuur in 2010 door Inzet van Nieuwe Verwerkingstechnieken”, Report No. 95061, Dept. of Science, Technology & Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [28] Hentzepeter, V., 1996, Einde successtory PET nog lang niet in zicht, Foodmanagement, 14/10. [29] Johnson, L., 1997, Moving Matters, Packaging Today, August 1997. [30] Kort, T. van der, 1992, Kartonnen blister goed alternatief, Verpakken, September, 1992 [31] Van der Kort, T., 1995, Laminated worden steeds dunner, Verpakken, December 1995?. [32] Meert, B., 1995, het honingraatblik, Intermediair, Sept. 1995
[33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many issues of Packaging Week in the period 1992-1997, especially the machinery review section. [34] PFK, 1997, Personal communication with PFK, Heinenoord, The Netherlands dd. 8 December 1997. [35] Phylipsen, G.J.M., 1993, Functiegerichte optimalisatie van kunststof gebruik, Een voorstudie voor een computer model, Report no. 93047. Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. [36] Pitt, P., 1996, A case for crate expectations, Packaging Week, September 19 1996. [37] Plasthill, 1997, Plasthill Hillegom, The Netherlands, Personal communication, 10 December 1997 [38] PPI, 1996, Liquid Packaging: Land of milk and money, Pulp and Paper International, August 1996 [39] PPI, 1997. International Fact & Price Book 1997, Pulp & Paper International, Miller Freeman Inc., San Francisco, US. [40] SPG, 1994, Glasbak vervult voorbeeld functie, Nieuws glasbak, Stichting Promotie Glasbak, December 1994. [41] Stijn, A. van, 1996, Meer mans met metalloceen-PE, Missets Pakblad 9, September 1996 [42] Stijn, A. van, 1997, Metalloceen-PP voorbestemd voor de foodsector, Missets Pakblad 1, January 1997 [43] SVM, 1992, Packaging developments ‘92, Implementation of the packaging covenant illustrated, Stichting Verpakking en Milieu. [44] SVM, 1993, Packaging developments ‘93, Implementation of the packaging covenant illustrated, Stichting Verpakking en Milieu. [45] SVM, 1993a, Verslag van Stichting Verpakking en Milieu aan de Commissie Verpakkingen, July 1993. [46] SVM, 1994, Packaging developments ‘94, Implementation of the packaging covenant illustrated, Stichting Verpakking en Milieu. [47] SVM, 1995, Packaging developments ‘95, Implementation of the packaging covenant illustrated, Stichting Verpakking en Milieu. [48] SVM, 1996, Packaging developments ‘96, Implementation of the packaging covenant illustrated, Stichting Verpakking en Milieu. [49] TNO centrum voor verpakking, 1994, Missets pakblad, Nov. 1994 [50] Van Belkom, A., 1994, Kunststof pallets in opmars, Kunststof en Rubber, Dec. 1994 [51] Van Stijn, 1996, Blik(vangers) in topvorm, Missets pakblad, August 1996 [52] Vugt, H.H.A. van, 1993, Nieuwe bottellijn vppr PET-flessen bijj Coca Cola Dongen, VMT, August 1992. [53] Vugt, H.H.A. van, 1993, Nieuwe bussenafvullijn voor Heineken Zoeterwoude, VMT, March 1993. [54] Well, van, 1997, Personal communication with Mrs. van Well, Ligtermoed B.V. Flexible Industrial Packaging, Ridderkerk, The Netherlands. [55] Wiemers, C., 1996, Nieuw CBL uitpakkrat kostenbesparend, Verpakkings-management, July, 1997. Witt, C.E., Pallets, wood isn’t the only answer, material handling engineering, Nov. 1990 [56] Zoethout, 1997, Plasthill, Hillegom, The Netherlands, personal communication, 23 December 1997 [57] Worrell, E., A.P.C. Faaij, G.J.M. Phylipsen, K.Blok, 1995, An approach for analysing the potential for material efficiency improvement, Resources, conservation and recycling 13 (1995) 215-232
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3 and 4: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
Page 5 and 6: N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILL
Page 7 and 8: history of use. The figure indicate
Page 9 and 10: Emission mitigation options The fol
Page 11 and 12: The contribution of the materials s
Page 13 and 14: [MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50
Page 15 and 16: What are the dynamics of the materi
Page 17 and 18: Material efficiency improvement for
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 First order estimate of e
Page 21 and 22: PET bottles normally are made out o
Page 23 and 24: To model the category boxes we will
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Pallets The last packaging cate
Page 27 and 28: they are not a result of the MARKAL
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
Page 31: or keep it fresh and their second c
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
Page 37 and 38: ogy for igniting the engine, valve
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 gives an overview of improv
Page 41 and 42: Implementing growth of mobility dem
Page 43 and 44: Realising the 80% reduction potenti
Page 45 and 46: CO2 Emissions of Metal Production T
Page 47 and 48: tion routes that are important for
Page 49 and 50: From figures 4 and 5, CO2 removal e
Page 51 and 52: Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid
Page 53 and 54: Table 6 CO2 emissions per tonne liq
Page 55 and 56: DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
Page 57 and 58: Verslag van de workshop commentaren
Page 59 and 60: Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
Page 61 and 62: Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
Page 63 and 64: Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
Page 65 and 66: Metalen Referent dhr.de Jong, Hoogo
Page 67 and 68: Algemene vragen en forumdiscussie D
Page 69 and 70: 3 Wat voor problemen zouden we als
Page 71: ir. R. van Duin (Bureau B&G) drs.ir

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