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[1] Gielen: Western European Materials as Sources and Sinks of CO2: a Materials Flow Analysis Perspective. Journal of Industrial Ecology, Forthcoming. [2] R. van Duin: Production and Consumption of Materials in Western Europe in Year 2000. Bureau B&G, Emst, the Netherlands, July 1997 [3] O.A. Asbjornsen: Systems Engineering Principles ans Practices. Skarpodd, Armold (MA) USA, 1992 [4] A. Grübler: Time for a Change: On the Paths of Diffusion and Innovation. In J. Ausubel, H.D. Langford: Technological Trajectories and the Human Environment. p. 14-32. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1997 [5] T. Kram: National energy options for reducing CO2 emissions, Volume 2: Country Studies. ECN-C--94- 024. Petten, March 1994 [6] T. Kram, D. Hill: A multinational model for CO2 reduction. Defining boundaries of future CO2 emissions in nine countries. Energy Policy vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 39-51, 1996 [7] D.J. Gielen: Toward integrated energy and materials policies? A case study on CO2 reduction in the Netherlands. Energy Policy vol. 23, no.12, pp. 1049-1062, 1995 [8] J.R. Ybema et al: Scenarios for Western Europe on Long Term Abatement of CO2 emissions. ECN-C--97- 051. Petten, December 1997 [9] P. Lako, J.R. Ybema: CO2 abatement in Western European power generation. ECN-C--97-053. Petten, May, 1997 [10] I. Kok, J.R. Ybema: CO2 abatement in the built environment of Western Europe. ECN, Petten, forthcoming [11] D.J. Gielen: Technology characterisation for ceramic and inorganic materials. Input data of Western European MARKAL. ECN-C--97-065. Petten, September 1997 [12] D.J. Gielen: Building materials and CO2 Western European emssion reduction strategies. ECN-C--97-65. Petten, October 1997 [13] M. Hekkert, E. Worrell: Technology characterization for Natural organic Materials. Input Data for Western European MARKAL. NW&S, Utrecht, forthcoming. [14] B.W. Daniels, H.C. Moll: The base metal industry: Technological description of processes and production routes, status quo and prospects. IVEM, Groningen, [15] M.E. Bouwman, H. Moll: Status quo and expectations concerning the material composition of road vehicles and consequences for energy use. IVEM, Groningen, forthcoming [16] M.P. Hekkert, L.A.J. Joosten, E. Worrell: Packaging Tomorrow. Modeling the material Input for European Packaging in the 21 st Century. NW&S, Utrecht, forthcoming [17] L.A.J. Joosten: MATTER datasheets synthetic organic materials. NW&S, Utrecht, forthcoming
Material efficiency improvement for European packaging in the period 2000 - 2020 Marko Hekkert, Louis Joosten and Ernst Worrell Utrecht University, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Padualaan 14, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Abstract In this paper the current material consumption for packaging making in Europe is described. Per packaging type (food bottles, non-food bottles, boxes for primary packaging, flexible packaging, carrier bags, industrial boxes and pallets) options for improved material efficiency are described. The options are in the field of using thinner materials, using less material by changing the shape of the package, using recycled material and using refillable packages. This paper shows that many option are available to reduce the future material input for packaging and that a reduction of CO2 emissions by this sector with a factor 2 is possible. A substantial share of this reduction can be achieved without any changes in consumer behavior. Introduction Packaging is an important product category from a CO2 point of view. In Table 1.1 a first order estimate for the energy and CO2 balance for packaging materials are stated. The total direct and indirect CO2 emission of 109 Mtonne for all packaging materials can be compared to the current Western European emission of approximately 3300 Mtonne [Gielen, 1997]. The packaging materials that are analyzed in this report represent 3.3 percent of the total Western European CO2 emission or about 10% of European industrial CO2 emissions. Plastics, paper and metal are the most important contributors to the CO2 emissions from packaging. This paper describes possible material efficiency options by the packaging industry and the material processing industry that may lead to reduced CO2 emissions in Europe. Material efficiency is defined in this paper as the amount of primary material that is needed to fulfill a specific function. Material efficiency improvement allows the same function to be fulfilled with less material. At several stages in the life cycle intervention is possible in order to increase the material efficiency over life cycle. Figure 1.1 shows these efficiency improvement measures and at which stages in the life cycle they intervene. The standard life-cycle is presented within the box. The efficiency improvement measures that can be applied are depicted outside the box. Even though in this paper we focus on efficiency improvement of packaging materials we need to take into account that packaging is needed for the protection and marketing of the packaged products. In many cases this paper states the technical possibilities but before actual implementation a good understanding of the purpose of packaging material is needed. Savings on packaging material may in some cases lead to less efficient product use which may even lead to greater consumption of energy per consumption unit than the original situation. However, arguments like these should not prevent that resources are used in the most efficient way possible. This paper investigates which packaging options are suitable to reach an efficiency improvement with a factor 2 in 2020 and also if a factor 10 is possible on the long run (2050).
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3 and 4: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
Page 5 and 6: N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILL
Page 7 and 8: history of use. The figure indicate
Page 9 and 10: Emission mitigation options The fol
Page 11 and 12: The contribution of the materials s
Page 13 and 14: [MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50
Page 15: What are the dynamics of the materi
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 First order estimate of e
Page 21 and 22: PET bottles normally are made out o
Page 23 and 24: To model the category boxes we will
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Pallets The last packaging cate
Page 27 and 28: they are not a result of the MARKAL
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
Page 31 and 32: or keep it fresh and their second c
Page 33 and 34: [33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
Page 37 and 38: ogy for igniting the engine, valve
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 gives an overview of improv
Page 41 and 42: Implementing growth of mobility dem
Page 43 and 44: Realising the 80% reduction potenti
Page 45 and 46: CO2 Emissions of Metal Production T
Page 47 and 48: tion routes that are important for
Page 49 and 50: From figures 4 and 5, CO2 removal e
Page 51 and 52: Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid
Page 53 and 54: Table 6 CO2 emissions per tonne liq
Page 55 and 56: DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
Page 57 and 58: Verslag van de workshop commentaren
Page 59 and 60: Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
Page 61 and 62: Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
Page 63 and 64: Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
Page 65 and 66: Metalen Referent dhr.de Jong, Hoogo
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Algemene vragen en forumdiscussie D
Page 69 and 70:
3 Wat voor problemen zouden we als
Page 71:
ir. R. van Duin (Bureau B&G) drs.ir
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