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[MT CO2 EQUIV./YEAR] 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 BC 50 ECU/T 200 ECU/T 20 ECU/T 100 ECU/T OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT MATERIALS EFFICIENCY MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION OTHER RESOURCES SUBSTITUTION PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK SUBSTITUTION END-OF-PIPE Figure 9 Contribution of individual materials strategies, 2030, increasing emission penalties The impact of GHG emission reduction on individual materials use and production The changing materials consumption due to GHG emission reduction is shown in Figure 10. The figure shows the impact of a penalty of 200 ECU/t CO2. The consumption of cement decreases, while the consumption of wood and of aluminium increases. This change can be attributed to materials substitution in the transportation sector and materials substitution in the building sector. SHIFT [%] 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 [YEAR] CEMENT STEEL PE PAPER SAWN WOOD ALUMINIUM Figure 10 Shifts in materials consumption due to GHG emission reduction, 200 ECU/t CO2 reduction case The impact of GHG emission penalties on the materials production of aluminium, cement, and ethylene is shown in Figures 11-13. The figures show a significant switch of production technology and of production location (for aluminium, based on hydroelectricity based production in Iceland).
[MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50 ECU/T CO2 200 ECU/T CO2 20 ECU/T CO2 100 ECU/T CO2 500 ECU/T CO2 RECYCLING Figure 11 Changing aluminium production with increasing emission penalties [MT CEMENT/YEAR] 200 150 100 50 0 BC 50 ECU/T CO2 200 ECU/T CO2 20 ECU/T CO2 100 ECU/T CO2 500 ECU/T CO2 Figure 12 Changing cement production with increasing emission penalties INERT ANODES ICELAND HALL-HEROULT ICELAND INERT ANODES CONTINENTAL HALL-HEROULT CONTINENTAL HIGH STRENGTH POZZOLANS GEOPOLYMERIC BF SLAG ACTIVATED FLY ASH FLY ASH PORTLAND
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3 and 4: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
Page 5 and 6: N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILL
Page 7 and 8: history of use. The figure indicate
Page 9 and 10: Emission mitigation options The fol
Page 11: The contribution of the materials s
Page 15 and 16: What are the dynamics of the materi
Page 17 and 18: Material efficiency improvement for
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 First order estimate of e
Page 21 and 22: PET bottles normally are made out o
Page 23 and 24: To model the category boxes we will
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Pallets The last packaging cate
Page 27 and 28: they are not a result of the MARKAL
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
Page 31 and 32: or keep it fresh and their second c
Page 33 and 34: [33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
Page 37 and 38: ogy for igniting the engine, valve
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 gives an overview of improv
Page 41 and 42: Implementing growth of mobility dem
Page 43 and 44: Realising the 80% reduction potenti
Page 45 and 46: CO2 Emissions of Metal Production T
Page 47 and 48: tion routes that are important for
Page 49 and 50: From figures 4 and 5, CO2 removal e
Page 51 and 52: Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid
Page 53 and 54: Table 6 CO2 emissions per tonne liq
Page 55 and 56: DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
Page 57 and 58: Verslag van de workshop commentaren
Page 59 and 60: Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
Page 61 and 62: Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
Page 63 and 64:
Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
Page 65 and 66:
Metalen Referent dhr.de Jong, Hoogo
Page 67 and 68:
Algemene vragen en forumdiscussie D
Page 69 and 70:
3 Wat voor problemen zouden we als
Page 71:
ir. R. van Duin (Bureau B&G) drs.ir
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