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[MT CO2 EQUIV./YEAR] 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 NOT COVERED 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 [YEAR] 2030 2040 2050 Figure 6 Base case GHG emissions for the energy system and the integrated energy and materials system (E+M) The emission reduction for the integrated energy and materials system (E+M) is shown in Figure 7. The figure shows that a reduction of the total GHG emissions from 4500 Mt to less than 1000 Mt in 2030 is achieved if a (high) penalty of 500 ECU/t CO2 equivalent is introduced. This is a reduction of more than 75%. This result shows that a factor 4 emission reduction is possible, even in a situation with growing demand. The emission penalty may seem unlikely high, but the factor 4 emission reduction is an ultimate goal for industrialized countries in order to minimize the risk for major climate change. Note the high contribution of CO2 to the total GHG emissions in the base case. Autonomous developments reduce emissions of other GHGs (e.g. the closure of the German and UK coal mines and the reduction of waste disposal). [MT CO2 EQUIV./YEAR] 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 BC 50 ECU/T CO2 200 ECU/T CO2 20 ECU/T CO2 100 ECU/T CO2 500 ECU/T CO2 Figure 7 Changing GHG emissions with increasing emission penalties, 2030 IMPORTS PFC N2O CH4 CO2 E+M E
The contribution of the materials system to the emission reduction is shown in Figure 8. This result is based on a comparison of a set of calculations without materials (E) and a set of calculations with materials demand (E+M). The figure shows a very significant contribution for the materials system, up to 50% of the total emission reduction at lower penalty levels. EMISSION REDUCTION [MT CO2 EQUIV.] 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 E+M E 0 0 50 100 PENALTY [ECU/T CO2] 150 200 Figure 8 Aggregated emission reduction for the energy system (E) and the integrated energy and materials system (E+M) The contribution of individual materials strategies is elaborated in Figure 9. Because of the definition of the materials system (see Figure 1), some emission reduction can be attributed to emission reduction in electricity production, fuel switches and increased industrial energy efficiency (e.g. for electricity that is used for materials production). End-of-pipe technology (for CO2 removal, industrial N2O conversion, CH4 capture from landfill sites and reduced landfilling) proves to be significant. The contribution of biomass feedstocks for the petrochemical industry is also significant. Charcoal is introduced for injection in blast furnaces. Some materials substitution occurs. On the waste management side, plastics incineration is replaced by hydrogenation and natural organic materials are used for energy recovery. Improved materials quality is modeled for concrete (high strength concrete) and for steel. Both options are introduced.
Page 1 and 2: Workshop Factor 2/Factor 10 Proceed
Page 3 and 4: The Impact of GHG Emission Reductio
Page 5 and 6: N2O INDUSTRY OTHER GHG CH4 LANDFILL
Page 7 and 8: history of use. The figure indicate
Page 9: Emission mitigation options The fol
Page 13 and 14: [MT AL/YEAR] 25 20 15 10 5 0 BC 50
Page 15 and 16: What are the dynamics of the materi
Page 17 and 18: Material efficiency improvement for
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1 First order estimate of e
Page 21 and 22: PET bottles normally are made out o
Page 23 and 24: To model the category boxes we will
Page 25 and 26: 2.8 Pallets The last packaging cate
Page 27 and 28: they are not a result of the MARKAL
Page 29 and 30: Table 4.1 (continued) The use of pa
Page 31 and 32: or keep it fresh and their second c
Page 33 and 34: [33] Packaging Week 1992-1997, many
Page 35 and 36: GER values Direct energy use (MJ/vk
Page 37 and 38: ogy for igniting the engine, valve
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 gives an overview of improv
Page 41 and 42: Implementing growth of mobility dem
Page 43 and 44: Realising the 80% reduction potenti
Page 45 and 46: CO2 Emissions of Metal Production T
Page 47 and 48: tion routes that are important for
Page 49 and 50: From figures 4 and 5, CO2 removal e
Page 51 and 52: Table 3 Emissions per tonne liquid
Page 53 and 54: Table 6 CO2 emissions per tonne liq
Page 55 and 56: DCEAF Direct Current Electric Arc F
Page 57 and 58: Verslag van de workshop commentaren
Page 59 and 60: Transportmiddelen Referent dhr. Smo
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Gebouwen en Infrastructuur Referent
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Referent dhr. Gouwens, TNO-Bouw 1 R
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Metalen Referent dhr.de Jong, Hoogo
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Algemene vragen en forumdiscussie D
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3 Wat voor problemen zouden we als
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ir. R. van Duin (Bureau B&G) drs.ir
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